The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence—study limitations (risk of bias)
Abstract
In the GRADE approach, randomized trials start as high-quality evidence and observational studies as low-quality evidence, but both can be rated down if most of the relevant evidence comes from studies that suffer from a high risk of bias. Well-established limitations of randomized trials include failure to conceal allocation, failure to blind, loss to follow-up, and failure to appropriately consider the intention-to-treat principle. More recently recognized limitations include stopping early for apparent benefit and selective reporting of outcomes according to the results. Key limitations of observational studies include use of inappropriate controls and failure to adequately adjust for prognostic imbalance. Risk of bias may vary across outcomes (e.g., loss to follow-up may be far less for all-cause mortality than for quality of life), a consideration that many systematic reviews ignore. In deciding whether to rate down for risk of bias--whether for randomized trials or observational studies--authors should not take an approach that averages across studies. Rather, for any individual outcome, when there are some studies with a high risk, and some with a low risk of bias, they should consider including only the studies with a lower risk of bias.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Certainty of evidence was assessed with use of GRADE tools for RCTs (Guyatt et al., 2011; Ryan & Hill, 2016).”
From Effectiveness of Mental Health and Wellbeing Interventions for Children and Young People in Foster, Kinship, and Residential Care: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Guyatt et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Additionally, the researchers (JL and WS) will assess the evidence profiles for each of the identified outcomes based on the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach to reviewing evidence [86–88].”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain: Protocol of a systematic review and individual participant data meta-Analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [88]
In the citing paper
“Relevant criteria from the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) handbook were used to assess bias in all other study designs [37].”
From Computerized cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety and depression in rural areas:a systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“The overall quality of evidence was graded using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) approach, considering study limitations, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision and publication bias [40–44].”
In the citing paper
“We also assessed each study for risk of potential bias following the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach and recorded the information in the extraction template469.”
From Health effects associated with exposure to secondhand smoke: a Burden of Proof study (2024) · cites this paper as [469]
In the citing paper
“Quality of evidence in included systematic reviews was assessed by outcome using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system criteria [17-27].”
From Effects of Home Telemonitoring Interventions on Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: An Overview of Systematic Reviews (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“applied the key criteria of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines for observational studies to assess the methodological quality of nonrandomised studies.31”
In the citing paper
“we assessed the risk of selection bias, performance bias, selective reporting bias, detection bias, attrition bias, and potential confounding [32].”
In the citing paper
“The overall quality of research evidence for mental health indicators was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework [32].”
In the citing paper
“The overall quality of evidence was rated as “very low” according to the GRADE framework [32].”
In the citing paper
“Second, the review used a rigorous methodology following the PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses [26] and GRADE framework [32].”
In the citing paper
“RCTs are first categorised as high-quality evidence in the GRADE system, while observational studies are classified as low-quality data supporting estimates of intervention effects.”
In the citing paper
“To determine the quality of evidence, the GRADE approach was used [29–36].”
In the citing paper
“Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool for RCTs, and certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.”
Citations
Cites
Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism
Geerts, W. H., Pineo, G. F., Heit, J. A., Bergqvist, D., Lassen, M. R., Colwell, C. W., & Ray, J. G. (2004) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.126.3_suppl.338s · Cited by 5,889
Schulz (1995) · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520290060030 · Cited by 5,634
Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism
Geerts, W. H., Heit, J. A., Clagett, G. P., Pineo, G. F., Colwell, C. W., Anderson, F. A., & Wheeler, H. B. (2001) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.119.1_suppl.132s · Cited by 4,368
Evaluating non-randomised intervention studies
Deeks, J., Dinnes, J., D'Amico, R., Sowden, A., Sakarovitch, C., Song, F., Petticrew, M., & Altman, D. (2003) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta7270 · Cited by 2,907
Wood, L., Egger, M., Gluud, L. L., Schulz, K. F., Jüni, P., Altman, D. G., Gluud, C., Martin, R. M., Wood, A. J. G., & Sterne, J. A. C. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39465.451748.ad · Cited by 2,538
The Hazards of Scoring the Quality of Clinical Trials for Meta-analysis
Jüni, P. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.11.1054 · Cited by 1,981
Chan, A.-W., Hróbjartsson, A., Haahr, M. T., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Altman, D. G. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.20.2457 · Cited by 1,845
Sanderson, S., Tatt, I. D., & Higgins, J. P. (2007) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dym018 · Cited by 1,531
Moher, D., Jadad, A. R., Nichol, G., Penman, M., Tugwell, P., & Walsh, S. (1995) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(94)00031-w · Cited by 1,308
Users' guides to the medical literature : a manual for evidence-based clinical practice
Guyatt, G. H., Rennie, D., Meade, M. O., & Cook, D. J. (2002) · Cited by 1,196
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 1,022
Role of fruits and vegetables in adolescent cardiovascular health: a systematic review
Collese, T. S., Ferreira, M. V. N., de Moraes, A. C. F., Rendo‐Urteaga, T., Bel‐Serrat, S., Moreno, L. A., & Carvalho, H. B. (2017) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux002 · Cited by 68
Vettoretto, N., Arezzo, A., Famiglietti, F., Cirocchi, R., Moja, L., & Morino, M. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010507.pub2 · Cited by 58
Abou, L., Alluri, A., Fliflet, A. M., Du, Y., & Rice, L. A. (2020) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2020.06.025 · Cited by 59
Are the steroids a blanket solution for COVID‐19? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Sarkar, S., Khanna, P., & Soni, K. D. (2020) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.26483 · Cited by 59
Suicide during COVID-19 and other major international respiratory outbreaks: A systematic review
Kahil, K., Cheaito, M. A., Hayek, R. E., Nofal, M., Halabi, S. E., Kundadak, G. K., Pereira-Sánchez, V., & Hayek, S. E. (2020) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102509 · Cited by 63
Sarkar, S., Kannan, S., Khanna, P., & Singh, A. K. (2021) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2264 · Cited by 59
Liaghat, B., Pedersen, J. R., Husted, R. S., Pedersen, L. L., Thorborg, K., & Juhl, C. B. (2022) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2022-105674 · Cited by 67
Hassan, H., Allen, I., Sofianopoulou, E., Joko-Fru, W. Y., Turnbull, C., Eccles, D., Tischkowitz, M. D., Pharoah, P. D. P., & Antoniou, A. C. (2023) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.06.043 · Cited by 67
Effects of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Patients with Open Fracture of the Extremities
Chang, Y., Kennedy, S. A., Bhandari, M., Lopes, L. C., Bergamaschi, C. D. C., Silva, M. C. D. O. E., Bhatnagar, N., Mousavi, S. M., Khurshid, S., Petrisor, B. A., et al. (2015) · JBJS Reviews · doi:10.2106/jbjs.rvw.n.00088 · Cited by 59
Self-citationJuel-Berg, N., Darling, P., Bolvig, J., Foss-Skiftesvik, M. H., Halken, S., Winther, L., Hansen, K. S., Askjaer, N., Heegaard, S., Madsen, A. R., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy · doi:10.2500/ajra.2016.30.4397 · Cited by 70
Kapoor, V., Glover, R. M., & Malviya, M. N. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009172.pub2 · Cited by 58
Rommel, A., Bergink, V., Liu, X., Munk‐Olsen, T., & Molenaar, N. M. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.19r12965 · Cited by 61
Interventions Addressing Social Needs in Perinatal Care: A Systematic Review
Reyes, A. M., Akanyirige, P., Wishart, D., Dahdouh, R., Young, M. R., Estrada, A., Ward, C., Alvarez, C. C., Beestrum, M., & Simon, M. A. (2021) · Health Equity · doi:10.1089/heq.2020.0051 · Cited by 58
Shahinfar, H., Jayedi, A., Khan, T. A., & Shab‐Bidar, S. (2021) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2021.05.014 · Cited by 58
Zhang, X., Xue, L., Deji, Z., Wang, X., Liu, P., Lu, J., Zhou, R., & Huang, Z. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119442 · Cited by 62
Sasaki, R., Honda, Y., Ohga, S., Fukushima, T., Tanaka, N., Kajiwara, Y., Nakagawa, K., Takahashi, A., Sakamoto, Y., Morita, H., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0275591 · Cited by 71
“used to assess the quality of the body of evidence using five domains: risk of bias [38], inconsistency [39], indirectness of evidence [40], imprecision of effect estimates [41], and potential reporting bias [42].”
MethodNast, A., Jacobs, A., Rosumeck, S., & Werner, R. N. (2015) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.13353 · Cited by 58
Henriksen, M., Creaby, M. W., Lund, H., Juhl, C. B., & Christensen, R. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005368 · Cited by 58
Pierro, M., Thébaud, B., & Soll, R. F. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011932.pub2 · Cited by 58
Vereenooghe, L., Flynn, S., Hastings, R. P., Adams, D., Chauhan, U., Cooper, S., Gore, N. J., Hatton, C., Hood, K., Jahoda, A. J., et al. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021911 · Cited by 58
Gunnarsson, L., & Bodin, L. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15112371 · Cited by 64
Driehuis, F., Hoogeboom, T. J., der Sanden, M. W. G. N., de Bie, R. A., & Staal, J. B. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218940 · Cited by 58
Xiong, T., Maheshwari, A., Neu, J., EI-Saie, A., & Pammi, M. (2019) · Neonatology · doi:10.1159/000504371 · Cited by 58
GRADE guidelines—an introduction to the 10th–13th articles in the series
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., & Schünemann, H. J. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.05.011 · Cited by 58
Self-citationMeta-review on the efficacy of psychological therapies for the treatment of substance use disorders
Dellazizzo, L., Potvin, S., Giguère, S., Landry, C., Léveillé, N., & Dumais, A. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115318 · Cited by 55
Interventions for waterpipe tobacco smoking prevention and cessation: a systematic review
Jawad, M., Jawad, S., Waziry, R., Ballout, R. A., & Akl, E. A. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep25872 · Cited by 57
Self-citationTiming of physical activity within the 24-hour day and its influence on health: a systematic review
Janssen, I., Campbell, J. E., Zahran, S., Saunders, T. J., Tomasone, J. R., & Chaput, J. (2022) · Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.42.4.02 · Cited by 60
Chen, X., Luo, D., Mei, B., Du, J., Liu, X., Xie, H., Liu, L., Su, S., & Mai, G. (2022) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2022.12.004 · Cited by 57
“Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) [17] was conducted to assess the reliability of evidence for the outcomes of interest.”
Danazumi, M. S., Lightbody, N., & Dermody, G. (2024) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-024-07052-1 · Cited by 58
“The certainty of the evidence for each comparison was downgraded by one level in the presence of study limitations [39], inconsistency of results [40], indirectness [41], imprecision of results [42], and publication bias [43] (eMethod).”
BackgroundAllen, J. I., Katzka, D. A., Robert, M. E., & Leontiadis, G. I. (2015) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.07.040 · Cited by 57
Timing and type of surgical treatment of Clostridium difficile–associated disease
Ferrada, P. A., Velopulos, C. G., Sultan, S., Haut, E. R., Johnson, E., Praba-Egge, A. D., Enniss, T. M., Dorion, H. A., Martin, N. D., Bosarge, P. L., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000000232 · Cited by 60
Seta, T., Noguchi, Y., Shikata, S., & Nakayama, T. (2014) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/1471-230x-14-102 · Cited by 58
McDonald, V. S., Thompson, K. A., Lewis, P. R., Sise, C. B., Sise, M. J., & Shackford, S. R. (2016) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000000981 · Cited by 57
Tejedor, M. A., Farias-Aquino, E., Pérez‐Fernández, E., Clar, E. G., Moro‐Moro, M., & Rosado, A. (2018) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2018.10.042 · Cited by 57
A systematic review of foam dressings for partial thickness burns
Chaganti, P., Gordon, I., Chao, J. H., & Zehtabchi, S. (2019) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2019.04.014 · Cited by 57
Mammen, M. J., Aryal, K., Alhazzani, W. A., & Alexander, P. E. (2020) · Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnętrznej · doi:10.20452/pamw.15239 · Cited by 56
Meta-analysis of effect of vegetarian diet on ischemic heart disease and all-cause mortality
Jabri, A., Kumar, A., Verghese, E., Alameh, A., Kumar, A., Khan, M. S., Khan, S. U., Michos, E. D., Kapadia, S. R., Reed, G. W., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100182 · Cited by 60
The Impact of THC and CBD in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review
Ahmed, S., Roth, R. M., Stanciu, C. N., & Brunette, M. F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.694394 · Cited by 56
Sultan, P., Sharawi, N., Blake, L., Habib, A. S., Brookfield, K., & Carvalho, B. (2021) · Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.accpm.2021.100935 · Cited by 56
Hernández-Mariano, J. Á., Baltazar-Reyes, M. C., Salazar-Martínez, E., & Cupul‐Uicab, L. A. (2021) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113865 · Cited by 56
Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolisation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Abdel-Rahman, O. M., & Elsayed, Z. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011313.pub2 · Cited by 57
An ICON Overview on Physical Modalities for Neck Pain and Associated Disorders
Graham, N., Gross, A. R., Carlesso, L. C., Santaguida, P. L., MacDermid, J. C., Walton, D., & Ho, E. (2013) · The Open Orthopaedics Journal · doi:10.2174/1874325001307010440 · Cited by 55
Standardizing endpoints in perioperative research
Boney, O., Moonesinghe, R., Myles, P. S., & Grocott, M. P. W. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d anesthésie · doi:10.1007/s12630-015-0565-y · Cited by 60
Cannabis use and violence in patients with severe mental illnesses: A meta-analytical investigation
Dellazizzo, L., Potvin, S., Beaudoin, M., Luigi, M., Dou, B. Y., Giguère, C., & Dumais, A. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.010 · Cited by 56
Hangaard, S., Laursen, S. H., Andersen, J. D., Kronborg, T., Vestergaard, P., Hejlesen, O., & Udsen, F. W. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968211064633 · Cited by 55
The European Stroke Organisation Guidelines: a standard operating procedure
Ntaios, G., Bornstein, N. M., Caso, V., Christensen, H., Keyser, J. D., Diener, H., Díez‐Tejedor, E., Ferro, J. M., Ford, G. A., Grau, A., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1111/ijs.12583 · Cited by 55
Mustafa, R. A., Cuello‐García, C. A., Bhatt, M., Riva, J. J., Vesely, S. K., Wiercioch, W., Nieuwlaat, R., Patel, P., Hanson, S. J., Newall, F. H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.02.026 · Cited by 57
Sakhvidi, M. J. Z., Yang, J., Mehrparvar, A. H., Dzhambov, A. M., Ebrahimi, A., Dadvand, P., & Jacquemin, B. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156180 · Cited by 52
Arts, J., Drotos, E., Singh, A. S., Chinapaw, M. J. M., Altenburg, T. M., & Gubbels, J. S. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01761-5 · Cited by 59
Bini, P., Hohenschurz‐Schmidt, D., Masullo, V., Pitt, D., & Draper‐Rodi, J. (2022) · Chiropractic & Manual Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12998-022-00459-9 · Cited by 71
The effectiveness of the Herbst appliance for patients with Class II malocclusion: a meta-analysis
Yang, X., Zhu, Y., Long, H., Zhou, Y., Jian, F., Ye, N., Gao, M., & Lai, W. (2015) · European Journal of Orthodontics · doi:10.1093/ejo/cjv057 · Cited by 55
Hulshof, T. A., Zuidema, S. U., Ostelo, R., & Luijendijk, H. J. (2015) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2015.03.015 · Cited by 55
Abraha, I., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Soiza, R. L., O’Mahony, D., & Cherubini, A. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007488 · Cited by 55
Couper, K., Yeung, J., Nicholson, T., Quinn, T., Lall, R., & Perkins, G. D. (2016) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.03.004 · Cited by 56
Cirocchi, R., Randolph, J., Binda, G. A., Gioia, S., Henry, B. M., Tomaszewski, K. A., Allegritti, M., Arezzo, A., Marzaioli, R., & Ruscelli, P. (2019) · Techniques in Coloproctology · doi:10.1007/s10151-018-1919-6 · Cited by 55
Noninvasive Ventilation versus CPAP as Initial Treatment of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome
Soghier, I., Brożek, J., Afshar, M., Kakazu, M. T., Wilson, K. C., Masa, J. F., & Mokhlesi, B. (2019) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.201905-380oc · Cited by 55
Antiemetics in Children With Acute Gastroenteritis: A Meta-analysis
Niño-Serna, L. F., Acosta-Reyes, J. L., Veroniki, A. A., & Flórez, I. D. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-3260 · Cited by 63
Ye, Z., Wang, Y., Ge, L., Guyatt, G. H., Collister, D., Alhazzani, W. A., Bagshaw, S. M., Belley‐Côté, E. P., Fang, F., Hou, L., et al. (2021) · Critical Care Explorations · doi:10.1097/cce.0000000000000399 · Cited by 60
Self-citationWang, Y., Keitz, S., Briel, M., Glasziou, P., Brignardello-Petersen, R., Siemieniuk, R. A. C., Zeraatkar, D., Akl, E. A., Armijo-Olivo, S., Bassler, D., et al. (2025) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-081199 · Cited by 60
Self-citationThe Use of Jejunal Tube Feeding in Children
Broekaert, I. J., Falconer, J., Bronský, J., Gottrand, F., Dall’Oglio, L., Goto, E., Hojsak, I., Hulst, J. M., Kochavi, B., Papadopoulou, A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000002379 · Cited by 54
Ye, Z., Rochwerg, B. N., Wang, Y., Adhikari, N. K. J., Murthy, S., Lamontagne, F., Fowler, R., Qiu, H., Li, W., Sang, L., et al. (2020) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.200648 · Cited by 52
Self-citationWork above shoulder level and shoulder complaints: a systematic review
Wærsted, M., Koch, M., & Veiersted, K. B. (2020) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-020-01551-4 · Cited by 63
Predictive markers for the early prognosis of dengue severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Thach, T. Q., Eisa, H. G., Hmeda, A. B., Faraj, H. A. A., Tieu, T. M., Abdelrahman, M. M., Awadallah, M. G., Ha, N. X., Noeske, M., Aziz, J. M. A., et al. (2021) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009808 · Cited by 54
Risk factors for Achilles tendon rupture: an updated systematic review
Xergia, S. A., Tsarbou, C., Liveris, N. I., Hadjithoma, Μ., & Tzanetakou, I. P. (2022) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.2022.2085505 · Cited by 55
“The quality of evidence can be downgraded or upgraded during the assessment of the studies [12–15].”
BackgroundChild protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect
Walsh, K., Eggins, E., Hine, L., Mathews, B., Kenny, M. C., Howard, S., Ayling, N. J., Dallaston, E., Pink, E., & Vagenas, D. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011775.pub2 · Cited by 77
D'Souza, R. S., Kubrova, E., Her, Y. F., Barman, R. A., Smith, B. J., Alvarez, G. A. M., West, T., & Abd-Elsayed, A. A. (2022) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-022-02244-9 · Cited by 54
“Although RCTs receive a high-level score, the level of evidence can be downgraded on the basis of deficiencies in domains of risk of bias [18], inconsistency [19], indirectness [20], imprecision [21], and publication bias [22].”
BackgroundGriebler, U., Bruckmüller, M. U., Kien, C., Dieminger, B., Meidlinger, B., Seper, K., Hitthaller, A., Emprechtinger, R., Wolf, A., & Gartlehner, G. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015001354 · Cited by 55
Zehtabchi, S., Tan, A. J., Yadav, K., Badawy, A., & Lucchesi, M. (2012) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2012.02.018 · Cited by 54
Optimal timing of femur fracture stabilization in polytrauma patients
Gandhi, R. R., Overton, T. L., Haut, E. R., Lau, B. D., Vallier, H. A., Rohs, T. J., Hasenboehler, E. A., Lee, J. K., Alley, D. E. R., Watters, J. M., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000000434 · Cited by 54
Yanju, B., Yang, L., Hua, B., Hou, W., Shi, Z., Li, W., Li, C., Chen, C., Liu, R., Qin, Y., et al. (2013) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-013-2063-5 · Cited by 56
Baker, J. A., & Pereira, G. F. (2013) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215513491274 · Cited by 54
Harris, M. J., Macinko, J. A., Jimenez, G., Mahfoud, M., & Anderson, C. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008993 · Cited by 53
Glucocorticosteroids for people with alcoholic hepatitis
Pavlov, C. S., Varganova, D. L., Casazza, G., Tsochatzis, E. A., Nikolova, D., & Gluud, C. N. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001511.pub3 · Cited by 53
Mokhlesi, B., Masa, J. F., Afshar, M., Pacheco, V. A., Berlowitz, D. J., Borel, J., Budweiser, S., Carrillo, A., Castro‐Añón, O., Ferrer, M., et al. (2020) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.201912-887oc · Cited by 54
Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Unverzagt, S., Moldenhauer, I., Nothacker, M., Rossmeissl, D., Hadjinicolaou, A. V., Peinemann, F., Greco, F., & Seliger, B. (2017) · Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) · Cited by 53
Proprioceptive and Dual-Task Training: The Key of Stroke Rehabilitation, A Systematic Review
Chiaramonte, R., Bonfiglio, M., Leonforte, P., Coltraro, G., Guerrera, C. S., & Vecchio, M. M. (2022) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk7030053 · Cited by 55
Effects of exercise on vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Liu, T., Chen, S., Mielke, G. I., McCarthy, A. L., & Bailey, T. G. (2022) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697137.2022.2097865 · Cited by 56
“Downgrading was determined by the factors of risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision and publication bias [47].”
BackgroundYe, Z., Silverberg, S. J., Sreekanta, A., Tong, K., Wang, Y., Chang, Y., Zhang, M., Guyatt, G. H., Tangamornsuksun, W., Zhang, Y., et al. (2020) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.4685 · Cited by 53
“Assessment of certainty of evidence We used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, in which randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) start as high quality, to assess the quality of evidence,((14)) considering rating down for high risk of bias,((15)) imprecision (sometimes…”
MethodSelf-citationFunctional textiles for atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Lopes, C., Silva, D., Delgado, L., Correia, O., & Moreira, A. M. (2013) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.12111 · Cited by 53
de Bruin, M., McCambridge, J., & Prins, J. M. (2014) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2014.953531 · Cited by 57
Weight Loss Interventions as Treatment of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome. A Systematic Review
Kakazu, M. T., Soghier, I., Afshar, M., Brożek, J., Wilson, K. C., Masa, J. F., & Mokhlesi, B. (2020) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.201907-554oc · Cited by 53
Longer- Versus Shorter-Duration Dual-Antiplatelet Therapy After Drug-Eluting Stent Placement
Spencer, F. A., Prasad, M., Vandvik, P. O., Chetan, D., Zhou, Q. X., & Guyatt, G. H. (2015) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m15-0083 · Cited by 52
Self-citationMohiuddin, M., Blyth, F., Degenhardt, L. J., Forti, M. D., Eccleston, C., Haroutounian, S., Moore, A., Rice, A. S. C., Wallace, M. S., Park, R., et al. (2020) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002000 · Cited by 53
Outcomes of Minimally Invasive Management of Tubo-ovarian Abscess: A Systematic Review
Goje, O., Markwei, M. T., Kollikonda, S., Chavan, M., & Soper, D. E. (2020) · Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2020.09.014 · Cited by 52
Mirzazadeh, A., Eshun‐Wilson, I., Thompson, R. R., Bonyani, A., Kahn, J. G., Baral, S., Schwartz, S., Rutherford, G. W., & Geng, E. H. (2022) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003940 · Cited by 52
Okeahialam, N. A., Wong, K. W., Jha, S., Sultan, A. H., & Thakar, R. (2022) · International Urogynecology Journal · doi:10.1007/s00192-022-05145-1 · Cited by 52
“The GRADE table is presented in Table 2.”
MethodSultan, P., George, R. B., Weiniger, C. F., El‐Boghdadly, K., Pandal, P., Carvalho, B., & CRADLE Study Investigators (2022) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000004263 · Cited by 54
“Furthermore, the majority of enhanced recovery after cesarean delivery studies utilize a before versus after implementation rather than a randomized controlled study design,(8,9) which invariably results in the downgrading of levels of evidence for the outcomes reported in published enhanced recovery after cesarean de…”
MethodAntibiotic lock for the prevention of catheter-related infection in neonates
Taylor, J. E., Tan, K., Lai, N. M., & McDonald, S. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010336.pub2 · Cited by 53
Warttig, S., Alderson, P., Evans, D. J., Lewis, S. R., Kourbeti, I. S., & Smith, A. F. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012404.pub2 · Cited by 54
Direct-acting antivirals for chronic hepatitis C
Jakobsen, J. C., Nielsen, E. E., Feinberg, J. B., Fobian, K., Katakam, K. K., Hauser, G., Poropat, G., Djurisic, S., Weiss, K. H., Bjelaković, M., et al. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012143 · Cited by 52
Dellazizzo, L., Potvin, S., Dou, B. Y., Beaudoin, M., Luigi, M., Giguère, C.-É., & Dumais, A. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19101008 · Cited by 55
Sakuraba, A., Luna, A., & Micić, D. (2021) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2021.09.055 · Cited by 51
“the quality of evidence according to the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to assess the certainty of evidence obtained from the present meta-analysis.(17)”
MethodImmediate Sequential Bilateral Cataract Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Kessel, L., Andresen, J. L., Erngaard, D., Flesner, P., Tendal, B., & Hjortdal, J. (2015) · Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1155/2015/912481 · Cited by 51
Kuo, K. H. M., & Mrkobrada, M. (2014) · Hemoglobin · doi:10.3109/03630269.2014.965781 · Cited by 51
Developing WHO guidelines: Time to formally include evidence from mathematical modelling studies
Egger, M., Johnson, L. F., Althaus, C. L., Schoeni, A., Salanti, G., Low, N. N., & Norris, S. L. (2018) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.12367.2 · Cited by 50
The effects of sleep loss on young drivers’ performance: A systematic review
Soleimanloo, S. S., White, M. J., Garcia-Hansen, V., & Smith, S. S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184002 · Cited by 51
Rigid Plate Fixation Versus Wire Cerclage for Sternotomy After Cardiac Surgery: A Meta-Analysis
Tam, D. Y., Nedadur, R., Yu, M., Yanagawa, B., Fremes, S. E., & Friedrich, J. O. (2018) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.02.043 · Cited by 51
Balloon pulmonary angioplasty for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: A systematic review
Tanabe, N., Kawakami, T., Satoh, T., Matsubara, H., Nakanishi, N., Ogino, H., Tamura, Y., Tsujino, I., Ogawa, A., Sakao, S., et al. (2018) · Respiratory Investigation · doi:10.1016/j.resinv.2018.03.004 · Cited by 51
Niu, J.-F., Zhao, X.-F., Hu, H., Wang, J.-J., Liu, Y., & Lu, D.-H. (2018) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.10.017 · Cited by 52
Yu, W., Tam, D. Y., Rocha, R. V., Makhdoum, A., Ouzounian, M., & Fremes, S. E. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2019.02.004 · Cited by 51
Metadata
- Authors
- Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G., Kunz, R., Brozek, J., Alonso-Coello, P., Montori, V., Akl, E. A., Djulbegovic, B., & Falck-Ytter, Y.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Nasjonalt Kunnskapssenter for Helsetjenesten (NO)
- University of Basel (CH)
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Guyatt, Gordon H.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-04
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 407-415
- ISSN
- 0895-4356 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1981680557
- Cited by
- 2,798
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 130 · 2025: 182 · 2024: 238 · 2023: 199 · 2022: 264 · 2021: 280 · 2020: 284 · 2019: 198 · 2018: 184 · 2017: 180 · 2016: 176 · 2015: 179 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 95 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 100.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
- Keywords
- GRADE, risk of bias, quality of evidence, observational studies, allocation concealment, blinding, loss to follow-up, intention-to-treat analysis, early stopping, selective reporting
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Quality Assurance, Health Care, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Publication Bias, Risk Assessment, Evidence-Based Practice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
