The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence—study limitations (risk of bias)
Abstract
In the GRADE approach, randomized trials start as high-quality evidence and observational studies as low-quality evidence, but both can be rated down if most of the relevant evidence comes from studies that suffer from a high risk of bias. Well-established limitations of randomized trials include failure to conceal allocation, failure to blind, loss to follow-up, and failure to appropriately consider the intention-to-treat principle. More recently recognized limitations include stopping early for apparent benefit and selective reporting of outcomes according to the results. Key limitations of observational studies include use of inappropriate controls and failure to adequately adjust for prognostic imbalance. Risk of bias may vary across outcomes (e.g., loss to follow-up may be far less for all-cause mortality than for quality of life), a consideration that many systematic reviews ignore. In deciding whether to rate down for risk of bias--whether for randomized trials or observational studies--authors should not take an approach that averages across studies. Rather, for any individual outcome, when there are some studies with a high risk, and some with a low risk of bias, they should consider including only the studies with a lower risk of bias.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Certainty of evidence was assessed with use of GRADE tools for RCTs (Guyatt et al., 2011; Ryan & Hill, 2016).”
From Effectiveness of Mental Health and Wellbeing Interventions for Children and Young People in Foster, Kinship, and Residential Care: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Guyatt et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Additionally, the researchers (JL and WS) will assess the evidence profiles for each of the identified outcomes based on the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach to reviewing evidence [86–88].”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain: Protocol of a systematic review and individual participant data meta-Analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [88]
In the citing paper
“Relevant criteria from the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) handbook were used to assess bias in all other study designs [37].”
From Computerized cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety and depression in rural areas:a systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“The overall quality of evidence was graded using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) approach, considering study limitations, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision and publication bias [40–44].”
In the citing paper
“We also assessed each study for risk of potential bias following the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach and recorded the information in the extraction template469.”
From Health effects associated with exposure to secondhand smoke: a Burden of Proof study (2024) · cites this paper as [469]
In the citing paper
“Quality of evidence in included systematic reviews was assessed by outcome using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system criteria [17-27].”
From Effects of Home Telemonitoring Interventions on Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: An Overview of Systematic Reviews (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“applied the key criteria of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines for observational studies to assess the methodological quality of nonrandomised studies.31”
In the citing paper
“we assessed the risk of selection bias, performance bias, selective reporting bias, detection bias, attrition bias, and potential confounding [32].”
In the citing paper
“The overall quality of research evidence for mental health indicators was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework [32].”
In the citing paper
“The overall quality of evidence was rated as “very low” according to the GRADE framework [32].”
In the citing paper
“Second, the review used a rigorous methodology following the PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses [26] and GRADE framework [32].”
In the citing paper
“RCTs are first categorised as high-quality evidence in the GRADE system, while observational studies are classified as low-quality data supporting estimates of intervention effects.”
In the citing paper
“To determine the quality of evidence, the GRADE approach was used [29–36].”
In the citing paper
“Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool for RCTs, and certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.”
Citations
Cites
Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism
Geerts, W. H., Pineo, G. F., Heit, J. A., Bergqvist, D., Lassen, M. R., Colwell, C. W., & Ray, J. G. (2004) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.126.3_suppl.338s · Cited by 5,889
Schulz (1995) · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520290060030 · Cited by 5,634
Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism
Geerts, W. H., Heit, J. A., Clagett, G. P., Pineo, G. F., Colwell, C. W., Anderson, F. A., & Wheeler, H. B. (2001) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.119.1_suppl.132s · Cited by 4,368
Evaluating non-randomised intervention studies
Deeks, J., Dinnes, J., D'Amico, R., Sowden, A., Sakarovitch, C., Song, F., Petticrew, M., & Altman, D. (2003) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta7270 · Cited by 2,907
Wood, L., Egger, M., Gluud, L. L., Schulz, K. F., Jüni, P., Altman, D. G., Gluud, C., Martin, R. M., Wood, A. J. G., & Sterne, J. A. C. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39465.451748.ad · Cited by 2,538
The Hazards of Scoring the Quality of Clinical Trials for Meta-analysis
Jüni, P. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.11.1054 · Cited by 1,981
Chan, A.-W., Hróbjartsson, A., Haahr, M. T., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Altman, D. G. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.20.2457 · Cited by 1,845
Sanderson, S., Tatt, I. D., & Higgins, J. P. (2007) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dym018 · Cited by 1,531
Moher, D., Jadad, A. R., Nichol, G., Penman, M., Tugwell, P., & Walsh, S. (1995) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(94)00031-w · Cited by 1,308
Users' guides to the medical literature : a manual for evidence-based clinical practice
Guyatt, G. H., Rennie, D., Meade, M. O., & Cook, D. J. (2002) · Cited by 1,196
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,022
Direct-acting antivirals for chronic hepatitis C
Jakobsen, J. C., Nielsen, E. E., Feinberg, J. B., Katakam, K. K., Fobian, K., Hauser, G., Poropat, G., Djurisic, S., Weiss, K. H., Bjelaković, M., et al. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012143.pub2 · Cited by 177
Abraham, N. S., Barkun, A. N., Sauer, B. G., Douketis, J. D., Laine, L., Noseworthy, P. A., Telford, J. J., & Leontiadis, G. I. (2022) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001627 · Cited by 190
“The certainty of the evidence for each PICO question was categorized as very low, low, moderate, or high depending on the assessment of (i) limitations in the design and execution of the studies, (ii) indirectness, (iii) inconsistency, (iv) imprecision, and (v) other considerations including publication bias, accordin…”
Crocker, T. F., Lam, N., Jordão, M., Brundle, C., Prescott, M., Forster, A., Ensor, J., Gladman, J., & Clegg, A. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.06.015 · Cited by 174
The Association between Vision Impairment and Incidence of Dementia and Cognitive Impairment
Shang, X., Zhu, Z., Wang, W., Ha, J., & He, M. (2021) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.12.029 · Cited by 174
Wang, Z., Lai, S.-T., Xie, L., Zhao, J.-D., Ma, N.-Y., Zhu, J., Ren, Z.-G., & Jiang, G.-L. (2014) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2014.04.007 · Cited by 176
SEGRESS: Software Engineering Guidelines for REporting Secondary Studies
Kitchenham, B., Madeyski, L., & Budgen, D. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/tse.2022.3174092 · Cited by 219
“The final four items relate to ethical scientific practice, specifically: protocol The original ideas were presented in [21] and have been revised and refined in a series of articles produced by a technical working group, see ([24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31]).”
BackgroundMalnutrition in childhood cancer patients: A review on its prevalence and possible causes
Brinksma, A., Huizinga, G. A., Sulkers, E., Kamps, W. A., Roodbol, P. F., & Tissing, W. J. E. (2012) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.12.003 · Cited by 175
Pottie, K. C., Dahal, G. P., Georgiades, K., Premji, K., & Hassan, G. (2014) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-014-0108-6 · Cited by 173
Non–Emergency Department Interventions to Reduce ED Utilization: A Systematic Review
Morgan, S. R., Chang, A. M., Alqatari, M., & Pines, J. M. (2013) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.12219 · Cited by 172
Colony-stimulating factors for chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia
Mhaskar, R. S., Clark, O. A. C., Lyman, G. H., Botrel, T. E. A., Paladini, L. M., & Djulbegović, B. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003039.pub2 · Cited by 169
Paediatric Intestinal Pseudo‐obstruction
Thapar, N., Saliakellis, E., Benninga, M. A., Borrelli, O., Curry, J., Faure, C. C., GIORGIO, R. D., Gupte, G. L., Knowles, C. H., Staiano, A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000001982 · Cited by 171
Davenport, M. H., Ruchat, S.-M., Sobierajski, F. M., Poitras, V. J., Gray, C. E., Yoo, C., Skow, R. J., Garcia, A. J., Barrowman, N., Meah, V. L., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099821 · Cited by 353
Gopalakrishna, G., Mustafa, R. A., Davenport, C. F., Scholten, R. J. P. M., Hyde, C., Brożek, J., Schünemann, H. J., Bossuyt, P. M., Leeflang, M., & Langendam, M. W. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.01.006 · Cited by 171
Becerra‐Tomás, N., Paz‐Graniel, I., Kendall, C. W. C., Kahleová, H., Rahelić, D., Sievenpiper, J. L., & Salas‐Salvadó, J. (2019) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz042 · Cited by 173
Pouliopoulou, D. V., MacDermid, J. C., Saunders, E., Peters, S., Brunton, L. K., Miller, E., Quinn, K. L., Pereira, T., & Bobos, P. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.33838 · Cited by 169
Antibiotic prevention of postcataract endophthalmitis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Kessel, L., Flesner, P., Andresen, J. L., Erngaard, D., Tendal, B., & Hjortdal, J. (2015) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.12684 · Cited by 168
Nerlekar, N., Brown, A. J., Muthalaly, R. G., Talman, A. H., Hettige, T., Cameron, J. D., & Wong, D. T. L. (2017) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.117.006379 · Cited by 172
D’Arrigo, S., Cacciola, S., Dennis, M., Jung, C., Kagawa, E., Antonelli, M. M., & Sandroni, C. (2017) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.10.005 · Cited by 168
Hooijmans, C. R., de Vries, R. B. M., Ritskes-Hoitinga, M., Rovers, M. M., Leeflang, M. M., IntHout, J., Wever, K. E., Hooft, L., de Beer, H., Kuijpers, T., et al. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187271 · Cited by 176
Self-citationHealth effects associated with exposure to secondhand smoke: a Burden of Proof study
Flor, L. S., Anderson, J. A., Ahmad, N., Aravkin, A., Carr, S., Dai, X., Gil, G. F., Hay, S. I., Malloy, M. J., McLaughlin, S. A., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02743-4 · Cited by 167
“We also assessed each study for risk of potential bias following the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach and recorded the information in the extraction template 469 .”
MethodPsychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare students
Kunzler, A. M., Helmreich, I., König, J., Chmitorz, A., Wessa, M., Binder, H., & Lieb, K. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013684 · Cited by 177
Steffens, D., Beckenkamp, P. R., Hancock, M. J., Solomon, M. J., & Young, J. M. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098032 · Cited by 165
Ruchat, S.-M., Mottola, M. F., Skow, R. J., Nagpal, T. S., Meah, V. L., James, M. A., Riske, L. A., Sobierajski, F. M., Kathol, A. J., Marchand, A.-A., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099399 · Cited by 186
Jonsson, U., Alaie, I., Löfgren Wilteus, A., Zander, E., Marschik, P. B., Coghill, D., & Bölte, S. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12645 · Cited by 164
The impact of clinical leadership on health information technology adoption: systematic review
Ingebrigtsen, T., Georgiou, A., Clay-Williams, R., Magrabi, F., Hordern, A., Prgomet, M., Li, J., Westbrook, J., & Braithwaite, J. (2014) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2014.02.005 · Cited by 165
A.S.P.E.N. Clinical Guidelines
Choban, P. S., Dickerson, R. N., Malone, A. M., Worthington, P. H., Compher, C. W., & and the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (2013) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607113499374 · Cited by 165
Guyatt, G. H., Ebrahim, S., Alonso-Coello, P., Johnston, B. C., Mathioudakis, A. G., Briel, M., Mustafa, R. A., Sun, X., Walter, S. D., Heels-Ansdell, D., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.05.005 · Cited by 163
Self-citationReduction of Red and Processed Meat Intake and Cancer Mortality and Incidence
Han, M. A., Zeraatkar, D., Guyatt, G. H., Vernooij, R. W. M., Dib, R. E., Zhang, Y., Algarni, A. M., Leung, G., Storman, D., Valli, C., et al. (2019) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m19-0699 · Cited by 169
Self-citationLindner, A. K., Lejon, V., Chappuis, F., Seixas, J., Kazumba, L., Barrett, M. P., Mwamba, E., Erphas, O., Akl, E. A., Villanueva, G., et al. (2019) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30612-7 · Cited by 159
Self-citationGuidance to best tools and practices for systematic reviews
Kolaski, K., Logan, L. R., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2023) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-023-02255-9 · Cited by 215
“Risk of bias [196] Large magnitude of effect”
A systematic review of the public health risks of bioaerosols from intensive farming
Douglas, P., Robertson, S., Gay, R., Hansell, A., & Gant, T. W. (2017) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.10.019 · Cited by 163
Ivermectin and permethrin for treating scabies
Rosumeck, S., Nast, A., & Dressler, C. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012994 · Cited by 175
Antibodies to Infliximab and Risk of Infusion Reactions in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
O’Meara, S., Nanda, K. S., & Moss, A. C. (2013) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1097/01.mib.0000436951.80898.6d · Cited by 160
Evidence-based guidelines for supportive care of patients with Ebola virus disease
Lamontagne, F., Fowler, R., Adhikari, N. K. J., Murthy, S., Brett‐Major, D. M., Jacobs, M., Uyeki, T. M., Vallenas, C., Norris, S. L., Fischer, W. A., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31795-6 · Cited by 162
Self-citationBergman, H., Buckley, B. S., Villanueva, G., Petkovic, J., Garritty, C., Lutje, V., Riveros-Balta, A. X., Low, N. N., & Henschke, N. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013479 · Cited by 178
Fatima, S. H., Rothmore, P., Giles, L. C., Varghese, B. M., & Bi, P. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106384 · Cited by 174
Schumann, J. E., Henrich, E. C., Strobl, H., Prondzinsky, R., Weiche, S., Thiele, H., Werdan, K., Frantz, S., & Unverzagt, S. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009669.pub3 · Cited by 166
Oxygen Saturation Target Range for Extremely Preterm Infants
Manja, V., Lakshminrusimha, S., & Cook, D. J. (2015) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.3307 · Cited by 158
Glutamine supplementation to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
Tubman, R., Thompson, S., & McGuire, W. L. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001457.pub3 · Cited by 158
Lipka, S., Kumar, A., & Richter, J. E. (2014) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2014.10.013 · Cited by 154
Bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma: an updated network meta-analysis
Mhaskar, R. S., Kumar, A., Miladinović, B., & Djulbegović, B. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003188.pub4 · Cited by 153
Dutil, C., Walsh, J. J., Featherstone, R. B., Gunnell, K. E., Tremblay, M. S., Gruber, R., Weiss, S. K., Côté, K. A., Sampson, M., & Chaput, J. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2018.08.003 · Cited by 155
Patterns of Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Risk for Cardiometabolic and Cancer Outcomes
Vernooij, R. W. M., Zeraatkar, D., Han, M. A., Dib, R. E., Zworth, M., Milio, K., Sit, D., Lee, Y., Gomaa, H. A., Valli, C., et al. (2019) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m19-1583 · Cited by 159
Self-citationBrax, H., Fadlallah, R., Alkhaled, L., Kahale, L. A., Nas, H., El‐Jardali, F., & Akl, E. A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175493 · Cited by 152
Self-citationLaypeople's perceptions of frontal smile esthetics: A systematic review
Parrini, S., Rossini, G., Castroflorio, T., Fortini, A., Deregibus, A., & Debernardi, C. L. (2016) · American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics · doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.06.022 · Cited by 151
Storebø, O. J., Skoog, M., Damm, D., Thomsen, P. H., Simonsen, E., & Gluud, C. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008223.pub2 · Cited by 149
Goudet, S., Bogin, B., Madise, N., & Griffiths, P. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011695.pub2 · Cited by 170
Nutrient-enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants following hospital discharge
Young, L., Embleton, N. D., & McGuire, W. L. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004696.pub5 · Cited by 148
Knardahl, S., Johannessen, H. A., Sterud, T., Härmä, M., Rugulies, R., Seitsamo, J. T., & Borg, V. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4059-4 · Cited by 168
Scoping Reviews, Systematic Reviews, and Meta-Analysis: Applications in Veterinary Medicine
Sargeant, J. M., & O'Connor, A. M. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00011 · Cited by 177
Hazlewood, G. S., Barnabe, C. C. M., TOMLINSON, G. A., Marshall, D. A., Devoe, D. J. A., & Bombardier, C. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010227.pub2 · Cited by 145
Decision aids for localized prostate cancer treatment choice: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Violette, P. D., Agoritsas, T., Alexander, P. E., Riikonen, J. M., Santti, H., Agarwal, A., Bhatnagar, N., Dahm, P., Montori, V. M., Guyatt, G. H., et al. (2015) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21272 · Cited by 143
Self-citationJohnson, P. I., Koustas, E., Vesterinen, H. M., Sutton, P., Atchley, D. S., Kim, A. N., Campbell, M. A., Donald, J. M., Sen, Ś., Bero, L. A., et al. (2016) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.009 · Cited by 143
Risk factors for overuse injuries in short- and long-distance running: A systematic review
van Poppel, D., van der Worp, M. P., Slabbekoorn, A., van den Heuvel, S. P., van Middelkoop, M., Koes, B. W., Verhagen, A. P., & Scholten-Peeters, G. G. M. (2020) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2020.06.006 · Cited by 142
Rao, S. C., Srinivasjois, R. M., & Moon, K. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005091.pub4 · Cited by 139
Li, S. S., Blanco Mejia, S., Lytvyn, L., Stewart, S. E., Viguiliouk, E., Ha, V., de Souza, R. J., Leiter, L. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Jenkins, D. J. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.117.006659 · Cited by 139
Pai, A. L. H., & McGrady, M. E. (2014) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsu038 · Cited by 139
American Society of Hematology 2021 guidelines for sickle cell disease: stem cell transplantation
Kanter, J., Liem, R. I., Bernaudin, F., Bolaños‐Meade, J., Fitzhugh, C. D., Hankins, J. S., Murad, M. H., Panepinto, J. A., Rondelli, D., Shenoy, S. S., et al. (2021) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004394c · Cited by 144
“⨁⨁⨁⨁ High certainty in the evidence about effects ⨁⨁⨁ Moderate certainty in the evidence about effects ⨁⨁ Low certainty in the evidence about effects ⨁ Very low certainty in the evidence about effects Interested readers may find more explanation about the GRADE approach to assessing and rating certainty in a body of e…”
BackgroundThomas, S.-M., Jeyaraman, M., Hodge, W. G., Hutnik, C., Costella, J., & Malvankar-Mehta, M. S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113779 · Cited by 138
Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sommer, I., Griebler, U., Kien, C., Auer, S., Klerings, I., Hammer, R., Holzer, P. D., & Gartlehner, G. (2017) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-016-0405-0 · Cited by 142
NESRALLAH, G. E., Mustafa, R. A., Clark, W. F., Bass, A. S., Barnieh, L., Hemmelgarn, B. R., Klarenbach, S. W., Quinn, R. R., Hiremath, S. S., Ravani, P., et al. (2014) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.130363 · Cited by 137
Evidence on Virtual Reality-Based Therapies for Psychiatric Disorders: Meta-Review of Meta-Analyses
Dellazizzo, L., Potvin, S., Luigi, M., & Dumais, A. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/20889 · Cited by 135
Chang, L., Lembo, A., & Sultan, S. (2014) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.09.002 · Cited by 135
Yepes-Núñez, J. J., Brożek, J., Fiocchi, A. G., Pawankar, R., Cuello‐García, C. A., Zhang, Y., Morgano, G. P., Agarwal, A., Gandhi, S., Terracciano, L., et al. (2017) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.13241 · Cited by 140
Nast, A., Spuls, P. I., van der Kraaij, G. E., Gisondi, P., Paul, C. F., Ormerod, A. D., Saïag, P., Smith, C. H., Daudén, E., de Jong, E. M. G. J., et al. (2017) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.14454 · Cited by 135
Assessment of Intercostal Nerve Block Analgesia for Thoracic Surgery
Guerra‐Londono, C. E., Privorotskiy, A., Cozowicz, C., Hicklen, R., Memtsoudis, S. G., Mariano, E. R., & Cata, J. P. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.33394 · Cited by 135
Effect of Lower Versus Higher Red Meat Intake on Cardiometabolic and Cancer Outcomes
Zeraatkar, D., Johnston, B. C., Bartoszko, J. J., Cheung, K., Bała, M. M., Valli, C., Rabassa, M., Sit, D., Milio, K., Sadeghirad, B., et al. (2019) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m19-0622 · Cited by 139
Self-citationStorebø, O. J., Andersen, M. E., Skoog, M., Hansen, S. J., Simonsen, E. H., Pedersen, N. B., Tendal, B., Edemann-Callesen, H., Faltinsen, E. G., & Gluud, C. N. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008223.pub3 · Cited by 137
Kanters, S., Vitória, M., Zoratti, M. J., Doherty, M. C., Penazzato, M., Rangaraj, A., Ford, N. P., Thorlund, K., Anis, A. H., Karim, M. E., et al. (2020) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100573 · Cited by 135
Viguiliouk, E., Glenn, A. J., Nishi, S. K., Chiavaroli, L., Seider, M., Khan, T. A., Bonaccio, M., Iacoviello, L., Mejía, S. B., Jenkins, D. J. A., et al. (2019) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmz113 · Cited by 137
Midodrine for orthostatic hypotension and recurrent reflex syncope: A systematic review
Izcovich, A., González Malla, C., Manzotti, M., Catalano, H. N., & Guyatt, G. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000815 · Cited by 131
Self-citationLambert, K. A., Bowatte, G., Tham, R., Lodge, C., Prendergast, L. A., Heinrich, J., Abramson, M. J., Dharmage, S. C., & Erbas, B. (2017) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.002 · Cited by 131
Tikkinen, K. A. O., Craigie, S., Agarwal, A., Violette, P. D., Novara, G., Cartwright, R., Naspro, R. L., Siemieniuk, R. A. C., Ali, B., Eryuzlu, L. N., et al. (2017) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2017.03.008 · Cited by 130
Self-citationVarker, T., Jones, K., Arjmand, H., Hinton, M., Hiles, S. A., Freijah, I., Forbes, D., Kartal, D., Phelps, A. J., Bryant, R. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100093 · Cited by 144
Castellanos, E. R., Pamela Serón, S., Gisbert, J. P., & Bonfill, X. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010180.pub2 · Cited by 127
Wolfenden, L., Barnes, C., Lane, C., McCrabb, S., Brown, H., Gerritsen, S., Barquera, S., Véjar-Rentería, L. S., Munguía, A., & Yoong, S. L. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-020-01046-y · Cited by 132
O’Brien, K. K., Tynan, A., Nixon, S., & Glazier, R. H. (2017) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2342-8 · Cited by 134
Vlaar, A. P. J., Dionne, J. C., de Bruin, S., Wijnberge, M., Raasveld, J., van Baarle, F. L. F., Antonelli, M. M., Aubron, C., Duranteau, J., Juffermans, N. P., et al. (2021) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06531-x · Cited by 129
“We subsequently rated down the quality of the evidence by one or two levels if results from individual studies were at serious or very serious risk of bias [14] there were serious inconsistencies (heterogeneity) in the results across studies [15] the evidence was indirect [16], the data were imprecise [17], or publica…”
A proposed framework for developing quality assessment tools
Whiting, P., Wolff, R., Mallett, S., Simera, I., & Savović, J. (2017) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-017-0604-6 · Cited by 121
Foote, C., Kotwal, S. S., Gallagher, M., Cass, A., Brown, M. A., & Jardine, M. (2015) · Nephrology · doi:10.1111/nep.12586 · Cited by 128
Singh, N., Halliday, H. L., Stevens, T. P., Suresh, G., Soll, R. F., & Rojas, M. X. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010249.pub2 · Cited by 126
Tikkinen, K. A. O., Craigie, S., Agarwal, A., Siemieniuk, R. A. C., Cartwright, R., Violette, P. D., Novara, G., Naspro, R. L., Agbassi, C., Ali, B., et al. (2017) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2017.02.025 · Cited by 126
Self-citationThe Burden of Proof studies: assessing the evidence of risk
Zheng, P., Afshin, A., Biryukov, S., Bisignano, C., Brauer, M., Bryazka, D., Burkart, K., Cercy, K. M., Cornaby, L., Dai, X., et al. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01973-2 · Cited by 142
Nezu, U., Kamiyama, H., Kondo, Y., Sakuma, M., Morimoto, T., & Ueda, S. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002934 · Cited by 129
Cartilage Restoration of the Knee
Mundi, R., Bedi, A., Chow, L., Crouch, S., Simunovic, N., Enselman, E. R. S., & Ayeni, O. R. (2015) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546515589167 · Cited by 123
Breast-Feeding Analgesia in Infants
Benoit, B., Martin‐Misener, R., Latimer, M. A., & Campbell-Yeo, M. L. (2017) · The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1097/jpn.0000000000000253 · Cited by 122
Smith, L. M., Cozowicz, C., Uda, Y., Memtsoudis, S. G., & Barrington, M. J. (2017) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000002069 · Cited by 123
Interventions to Improve Follow-up of Positive Results on Fecal Blood Tests
Selby, K. J., Baumgartner, C., Levin, T. R., Doubeni, C. A., Zauber, A. G., Schottinger, J., Jensen, C. D., Lee, J. K., & Corley, D. A. (2017) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m17-1361 · Cited by 123
Effectiveness of targeting fathers for breastfeeding promotion: systematic review and meta-analysis
Mahesh, P. K. B., Gunathunga, M. W., Arnold, S. M., Jayasinghe, C., Pathirana, S., Makarim, M. F., Manawadu, P. M., & Senanayake, S. J. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6037-x · Cited by 123
Prevalence of type-2 diabetes and prediabetes in Malaysia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Akhtar, S., Nasir, J. A., Ali, A., Asghar, M., Majeed, R., & Sarwar, A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263139 · Cited by 123
“The quality of this systematic review and meta-analysis was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach [26].”
MethodDellazizzo, L., Potvin, S., Giguère, S., & Dumais, A. (2022) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15764 · Cited by 120
Needle gauge and tip designs for preventing post-dural puncture headache (PDPH)
Arévalo-Rodríguez, I., Muñoz, L., Godoy-Casasbuenas, N., Ciapponi, A., Arévalo, J. J., Boogaard, S., & Figuls, M. R. I. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010807.pub2 · Cited by 122
Jamnik, J., Rehman, S., Mejía, S. B., de Souza, R. J., Khan, T. A., Leiter, L. A., Wolever, T. M. S., Kendall, C. W. C., Jenkins, D. J. A., & Sievenpiper, J. L. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013191 · Cited by 124
Olasveengen, T. M., de Caen, A. R., Mancini, M. E., Maconochie, I. K., Aickin, R. P., Atkins, D. L., Berg, R. A., Bingham, R. M., Brooks, S. C., Castrén, M. K., et al. (2017) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.10.021 · Cited by 122
Kerwin, A. J., Haut, E. R., Burns, J. B., Como, J. J., Haider, A. H., Stassen, N. A., & Dahm, P. (2012) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0b013e31827013e9 · Cited by 122
Lindström, L., Lindström, E., Nilsson, M., & Höistad, M. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.012 · Cited by 122
Systematic reviews of the literature: an introduction to current methods
Brignardello‐Petersen, R., Santesso, N. A., & Guyatt, G. H. (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae232 · Cited by 215
“34 GRADE provides a framework and guidance for making this assessment by considering limitations in study design, 35 inconsistency, 36 imprecision, 37,38 indirectness, 39 and publication bias.”
Self-citationRadiological diagnosis of periapical bone tissue lesions in endodontics: a systematic review
Petersson, A. R., Axelsson, S., Davidson, T., Frisk, F., Hakeberg, M., Kvist, T., Norlund, A., Mejàre, I. A., Portenier, I., Sandberg, H., et al. (2012) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02034.x · Cited by 120
Ishøi, L., Krommes, K. K., Husted, R. S., Juhl, C. B., & Thorborg, K. (2020) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101228 · Cited by 126
Human recombinant protein C for severe sepsis and septic shock in adult and paediatric patients
Martí-Carvajal, A. J., Solà, I., Gluud, C. N., Lathyris, D., & Anand, V. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004388.pub6 · Cited by 115
Metadata
- Authors
- Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G., Kunz, R., Brozek, J., Alonso-Coello, P., Montori, V., Akl, E. A., Djulbegovic, B., & Falck-Ytter, Y.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Nasjonalt Kunnskapssenter for Helsetjenesten (NO)
- University of Basel (CH)
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Guyatt, Gordon H.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-04
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 407-415
- ISSN
- 0895-4356 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1981680557
- Cited by
- 2,798
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 130 · 2025: 182 · 2024: 238 · 2023: 199 · 2022: 264 · 2021: 280 · 2020: 284 · 2019: 198 · 2018: 184 · 2017: 180 · 2016: 176 · 2015: 179 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 95 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 100.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
- Keywords
- GRADE, risk of bias, quality of evidence, observational studies, allocation concealment, blinding, loss to follow-up, intention-to-treat analysis, early stopping, selective reporting
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Quality Assurance, Health Care, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Publication Bias, Risk Assessment, Evidence-Based Practice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
