Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Substantial evidence shows proactive policing can have meaningful effects on crime, especially when it is focused at crime hot spots.
“There is now substantial evidence that proactive policing can have meaningful effects on crime, especially when it is focused at crime hot spots—small areas, such as street segments that produce a substantial part of the crime problem (4–6).”
From Reforming the police through procedural justice training: A multicity randomized trial at crime hot spots (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
The 2018 National Academy of Sciences Committee on Proactive Policing concluded there were not enough rigorous empirical studies to draw conclusions regarding the impacts of PJ policing on attitudes or its ability to reduce crime.
“However, the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Proactive Policing concluded in 2018 that there were simply not enough rigorous empirical studies to draw conclusions regarding the impacts of PJ policing on attitudes or its ability to reduce crime (4).”
From Reforming the police through procedural justice training: A multicity randomized trial at crime hot spots (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hot spots policing and crime reduction: an update of an ongoing systematic review and meta-analysis
Braga, A. A., Turchan, B. S., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. M. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-019-09372-3 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Hot spots policing of small geographic areas effects on crime
Braga, A. A., Turchan, B., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. M. (2019) · Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World · doi:10.1002/cl2.1046 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Aggressive policing and the educational performance of minority youth
Legewie, J., & Fagan, J. (2019) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122419826020 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Police Stops Among At-Risk Youth: Repercussions for Mental Health
Jackson, D. B., Fahmy, C., Vaughn, M. G., et al. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.05.027 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
The criminogenic and psychological effects of police stops on adolescent black and Latino boys
Toro, J. D., Lloyd, T., Buchanan, K. S., Robins, S. J., Bencharit, L. Z., Smiedt, M. G., Reddy, K. S., Pouget, E. R., Kerrison, E. M. T., & Goff, P. A. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1808976116 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Hinkle, J. C., Weisburd, D., Telep, C. W., & Petersen, K. (2020) · Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World · doi:10.1002/cl2.1089 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Weisburd, D., Telep, C. W., Vovak, H., Zastrow, T., Braga, A. A., & Turchan, B. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2118780119 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Police Contact and the Legal Socialization of Urban Teens
Geller, A., & Fagan, J. (2019) · RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2019.5.1.02 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Police contact and health among urban adolescents: The role of perceived injustice
McFarland, M. J., Geller, A., & McFarland, C. A. S. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112487 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Why do gun murders have a higher clearance rate than gunshot assaults?
Cook, P. J., Braga, A. A., Turchan, B. S., et al. (2019) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12451 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Braga, A. A., & Weisburd, D. L. (2020) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-020-09481-7 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Focused deterrence strategies effects on crime: A systematic review
Braga, A. A., Weisburd, D., & Turchan, B. (2019) · Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World · doi:10.1002/cl2.1051 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Beck, B. (2020) · City and Community · doi:10.1111/cico.12473 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Dual-process theory of racial isolation, legal cynicism, and reported crime
Hagan, J. L., McCarthy, B., Herda, D., & Chandrasekher, A. C. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1722210115 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The force of fear: Police stereotype threat, self-legitimacy, and support for excessive force.
Trinkner, R. J., Kerrison, E. M. T., & Goff, P. A. (2019) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/lhb0000339 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Levin, R. Y., & Liu, R. T. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02868-1 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Assessing public perceptions of police use-of-force: legal reasonableness and community standards
Mourtgos, S. M., & Adams, I. T. (2020) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2019.1679864 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Cross, C. J., Fomby, P., & Letiecq, B. L. (2022) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12458 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Procurement As Policy: Administrative Process for Machine Learning
Mulligan, D. K., & Bamberger, K. A. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3464203 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Lum, C. M., Koper, C. S., Wu, X., Johnson, W. F., & Stoltz, M. (2020) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611119896081 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Testa, A. M., Turney, K., Jackson, D. B., & Jaynes, C. M. (2021) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12297 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Police stops to reduce crime: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Petersen, K., Weisburd, D., Fay, S., Eggins, E., & Mazerolle, L. (2023) · Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World · doi:10.1002/cl2.1302 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Mourtgos, S. M., & Adams, I. T. (2019) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2019.101627 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Examining the Impact of the Freddie Gray Unrest on Perceptions of the Police
White, C., Weisburd, D. L., & Wire, S. E. (2018) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12404 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Braga, A. A., Zimmerman, G., Barao, L. M., Farrell, C., Brunson, R. K., & Papachristos, A. V. (2019) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427818821716 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The cumulative risk of jail incarceration
Western, B., Davis, J., Ganter, F., & Smith, N. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2023429118 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Community-Level Social Processes and Firearm Shooting Events: A Multilevel Analysis
Magee, L. A. (2020) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-020-00424-y · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Ratcliffe, J. H., Lattanzio, M., Kikuchi, G., et al. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-018-9339-1 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Baechler, S., Morelato, M., Gittelson, S., et al. (2020) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110213 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Social Accountability and Institutional Change: The Case of Citizen Oversight of Police
Ali, M. U., & Pirog, M. A. (2019) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.13055 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Mourtgos, S. M., Mayer, R. C., Wise, R. A., & O’Rourke, H. P. (2019) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403419851850 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Conflicts and congruencies between predictive policing and the patrol officer’s craft
Ratcliffe, J. H., Taylor, R. B., & Fisher, R. (2019) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2019.1577844 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Thomas, A. L., Piza, E. L., Welsh, B. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2021) · International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/01924036.2021.1879885 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Impact of Hot Spots Policing on Collective Efficacy: Findings from a Randomized Field Trial
Rinehart Kochel, T., & Weisburd, D. (2019) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2018.1465579 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Assessing the Spatial Concentration of Urban Crime: An Insight from Nigeria
Umar, F., Johnson, S. D., & Cheshire, J. A. (2020) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-019-09448-3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Jackson, D. B., Testa, A. M., & Vaughn, M. G. (2019) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2019.101635 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Enhancing Informal Social Controls to Reduce Crime: Evidence from a Study of Crime Hot Spots
Weisburd, D. L., White, C., Wire, S. E., & Wilson, D. B. (2021) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-020-01194-4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“This position is supported by a wide array of studies that show that crime in cities is concentrated at a relatively small number of micro geographic places (for a review, see Telep and Weisburd 2018).”
BackgroundA Framework for Addressing Violence and Serious Crime
Braga, A. A., & Kennedy, D. M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108938143 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Falsification by Atrophy: The Kuhnian Process of Rejecting Theory in US Criminology
Dooley, B. D., & Goodison, S. E. (2019) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azz026 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Carter, J. G., Mohler, G., & Ray, B. R. (2018) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1043986218803527 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ugwudike, P. (2021) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-021-00117-5 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Cook, P. J. (2020) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12519 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Skogan, W. G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108278423.002 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Sorensen, L. C., Shen, Y., & Bushway, S. D. (2020) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/01623737211006409 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Weisburd, D. L., Majmundar, M. K., Aden, H., Braga, A. A., Bueermann, J., Cook, P. J., Goff, P. A., Harmon, R. A., Haviland, A. M., Lum, C. M., et al. (2019) · Asian Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11417-019-09284-1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hasisi, B., Perry, S., Ilan, Y., & Wolfowicz, M. (2019) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-019-09414-z · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Jackson, D. B., Testa, A. M., Fix, R. L., & Mendelson, T. (2021) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2021.306434 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Morrow, W. J., & Shjarback, J. A. (2019) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2019.1636920 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Advancing knowledge about replication in criminology
Farrington, D. P., Lösel, F. A., Boruch, R. F., Gottfredson, D. C., MAZEROLLE, L. G., Sherman, L. W., & Weisburd, D. L. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-018-9337-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Demir, M., Braga, A. A., & Apel, R. (2020) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12505 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Risk Assessment and Crisis Intervention for Youth in a Time of Telehealth
Holland, M. L., Hawks, J. L., Morelli, L. C., & Khan, Z. S. (2021) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-020-00341-6 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The laughing policebot: automation and the end of policing
McGuire, M. R. (2020) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2020.1810249 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Legitimacy-Based Policing and the Promotion of Community Vitality
Tyler, T. R., & Nobo, C. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009308014 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Langley, B., Ariel, B., Tankebe, J., Sutherland, A., Beale, M., Factor, R., & Weinborn, C. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-020-09428-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Measuring Racial Disparities in Police Use of Force: Methods Matter
Geller, A., Goff, P. A., Lloyd, T., Haviland, A. M., Obermark, D., & Glaser, J. (2020) · Journal of quantitative criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-020-09471-9
Frontiers in the economics of crime: lessons for Latin America and the Caribbean
Jaitman, L. (2019) · Latin American Economic Review · doi:10.1186/s40503-019-0081-5 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Weisburd, D. L., Jonathan-Zamir, T., White, C., Wilson, D. B., & Kuen, K. (2022) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00224278221120225 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Farrington, D. P., Lösel, F. A., Braga, A. A., MAZEROLLE, L. G., Raine, A., Sherman, L. W., & Weisburd, D. L. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-019-09384-z · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Toro, J. D., Wang, M., Thomas, A., & Hughes, D. L. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12685 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Youth Mental Well-Being Following Witnessed Police Stops
Jackson, D. B., Testa, A. M., Semenza, D. C., & Fix, R. L. (2022) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-022-00667-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Supporting social hierarchy is associated with White police officers’ use of force
Swencionis, J. K., Pouget, E. R., & Goff, P. A. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2007693118 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Jonathan-Zamir, T., Weisburd, D. L., Dayan, M., & Zisso, M. (2019) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854819842903 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Skogan, W. G. (2019) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12422 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Active management, however, was the vision of CCTV-based crime prevention reviewed in the National Research Council's recent report on proactive policing (Weisburd & Majmundar, 2018).”
BackgroundMousseau, V., Baechler, S., & Crispino, F. (2019) · Science & Justice · doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2019.04.004 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Long-Term and System-Level Impacts of Institutionalizing Hot Spot Policing in a Small City
Koper, C. S., Lum, C. M., Wu, X., & Hegarty, T. (2020) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paaa096 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Thacher, D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108278423.005 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Jonathan-Zamir, T., Litmanovitz, Y., & Haviv, N. (2022) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10986111221113975 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Institutionalizing problem‐oriented policing: An evaluation of the EMUN reform in Israel
Weisburd, D. L., Hasisi, B., Litmanovitz, Y., Carmel, T., & Tshuva, S. (2020) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12516 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Measuring the Impacts of Everyday Police Proactive Activities: Tackling the Endogeneity Problem
Wu, X., Koper, C. S., & Lum, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-021-09496-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Measuring Sex Trafficking: A National-Level Victimization Survey of an at-Risk Sample
Kulig, T. C. (2021) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2021.1909646 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Policing Is Here to Stay: Innovative Research, Meaningful Practice, and Global Reach
Piza, E. L., & Welsh, B. C. (2022) · Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing · doi:10.1007/s41887-022-00074-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
de Vries, I., & Farrell, A. S. (2022) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2022.2051587 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Evaluating the impact of police foot patrol at the micro-geographic level
Andresen, M. A., & Hodgkinson, T. (2018) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-01-2018-0012 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Examining Guardian and Warrior Orientations Across Racial and Ethnic Lines
Clifton, S., Torres, J. A., & E.Hawdon, J. (2021) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-020-09427-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Tyler, T. R. (2025) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12695 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Welsh, B. C., Piza, E. L., Thomas, A. L., et al. (2019) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1043986219890192 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Rebuilding Trust between Police & Communities through Procedural Justice & Reconciliation
O’Brien, T. C., & Tyler, T. R. (2019) · Behavioral Science & Policy · doi:10.1353/bsp.2019.0003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Hoshino, T., & Kamada, T. (2020) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-020-09466-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Hart, T. C. (2021) · Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/0734016821996785 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Weisburd, D. L., Wilson, D. B., Petersen, K., & Telep, C. W. (2023) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12623 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Broken Windows and Community Social Control: Evidence from a Study of Street Segments
Weisburd, D. L., Uding, C. V., Hinkle, J. C., & Kuen, K. (2023) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00224278231168614 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Blacks Can’t Jump”: The Racialization of Transit Police Responses to Fare Evasion
Carter, T. J., & Johnson, L. T. (2021) · Race and Justice · doi:10.1177/21533687211007548 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Braga, A. A., MacDonald, J. M., & Barao, L. M. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-021-09476-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Braga, A. A., Turchan, B. S., & Winship, C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108278423.011 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mapping Attitudes Towards the Police at Micro Places
Wheeler, A. P., Silver, J., Worden, R., & McLean, S. J. (2019) · Journal of quantitative criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-019-09435-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…fear of crime, police encounters, etc.), they do suggest that police departments may be well-served by choosing hot spot policing strategies that have the potential to both reduce crime while also improving citizens’ experiences, such as problem-oriented policing (Kochel and Weisburd 2018).”
BackgroundAriel, B. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108278423.022 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Dong, B., White, C., & Weisburd, D. L. (2020) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2019.12.012 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Exclusionary School Discipline during Childhood and Adolescent Police Encounters
Jackson, D. B., Testa, A. M., Todić, J., & Leos-Martinez, J. (2021) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2021.1891843 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Giuffrè, A., & Huebner, B. M. (2023) · Criminology (Beverly Hills) · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12328 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Weisburd, D. L., Wilson, D. B., Gill, C. E., Kuen, K., & Zastrow, T. (2024) · Journal of law & empirical analysis. · doi:10.1177/2755323x241233469 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pósch, K. (2020) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-020-09449-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Aspiration of Scientific Policing
Thacher, D. (2018) · Law & Social Inquiry · doi:10.1111/lsi.12367 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Harm-focused offender triage and prioritization: a Philadelphia case study
Ratcliffe, J., & Kikuchi, G. (2019) · Policing: An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-08-2018-0118 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Visualizing Police Exposure by Race, Gender, and Age in New York City
Figures, K. D., & Legewie, J. (2019) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/2378023119828913 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Police stops and adolescent sleep problems: findings from the UK millennium cohort study
Jackson, D. B., & Testa, A. M. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13585 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Examining the nuance in adolescents’ police encounters: Positive, negative, or both?
Fix, R. L., Jackson, D. B., & Jindal, M. (2022) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22913 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Carter, T. M., & Turner, N. D. (2021) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2021.101834 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Forecasting and Criminal Justice Policy and Practice
Sabol, W. J., & Baumann, M. L. (2022) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-022-09715-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Williams, S. N., & Clarke, A. V. (2019) · Psychology and Cognitive Sciences - Open Journal · doi:10.17140/pcsoj-5-151 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Indianapolis harmspot policing experiment
Carter, J. G., Mohler, G., Raje, R., Chowdhury, N., & Pandey, S. (2021) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2021.101814 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Committee on Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime, C., Committee on Law and Justice, Education, D. O. B. A. S. S. A., & National Academies of Sciences, E.
- Venue
- National Academies Press eBooks
- Publisher
- National Academies Press
- Published
- 2018-02-23
- OpenAlex
- W2768045816
- Cited by
- 313
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 36.15
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- National Academies Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Keywords
- proactive policing, police strategy, crime prevention, police-community relations, law enforcement
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review