Diabetic foot ulcer severity predicts mortality among veterans with type 2 diabetes.
Open accessAbstract
Aim Diabetic foot ulcers are associated with an increased risk of death. We evaluated whether ulcer severity at presentation predicts mortality.Methods Patients from a national, retrospective, cohort of veterans with type 2 diabetes who developed incident diabetic foot ulcers between January 1, 2006 and September 1, 2010, were followed until death or the end of the study period, January 1, 2012. Ulcers were characterized as early stage, osteomyelitis, or gangrene at presentation. Cox proportional hazard regression identified independent predictors of death, controlling for comorbidities, laboratory parameters, and healthcare utilization.Results 66,323 veterans were included in the cohort and followed for a mean of 27.7months: 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rates were 80.80%, 69.01% and 28.64%, respectively. Compared to early stage ulcers, gangrene was associated with an increased risk of mortality (HR 1.70, 95% CI 1.57-1.83, p<0.001). The magnitude of this effect was greater than diagnosed vascular disease, i.e., coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, or stroke.Conclusion Initial diabetic foot ulcer severity is a more significant predictor of subsequent mortality than coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, or stroke. Unrecognized or under-estimated vascular disease and/or sepsis secondary to gangrene should be explored as possible causal explanations.
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People with diabetes living in rural areas had a higher frequency of major lower extremity amputation (3.4% vs 2.4% in 1 year; adjusted OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.48-1.65) compared with those residing in large metropolitan areas, adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical factors.
“People with diabetes living in rural areas had a higher frequency of major lower extremity amputation (3.4% vs 2.4% in 1 year; adjusted OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.48-1.65)compared with those residing in large metropolitan areas, adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical factors.22”
From Diabetic Foot Ulcers (2023) · cites this paper as [22]
The Results section reports mortality among veterans with diabetic foot ulcers, not amputation rates by rural versus metropolitan residence. Searches for the stated percentages, adjusted odds ratio, and rural–metropolitan comparison found no passage addressing the claim in our copy; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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- Authors
- Brennan, M. B., Hess, T. M., Bartle, B., Cooper, J. M., Kang, J., Huang, E. S., Smith, M., Sohn, M.-W., & Crnich, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital (US)
- University of Chicago Medical Center (US)
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brennan, Meghan B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Diabetes and its Complications
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-03
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 556-561
- ISSN
- 0891-6632 (ISSN-L)
- 1056-8727
- PMC
- PMC5328848
- OpenAlex
- W2559881424
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 10.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Diabetes and its Complications (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- National Institutes of Health (KL2TR000428, UL1TR000427)
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R01HS018368, R01HS018542)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K24DK105340, P30DK092949)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Diseases and Diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Peripheral Artery Disease Management
- Keywords
- diabetic foot ulcer, ulcer severity, mortality, veterans, type 2 diabetes, gangrene, osteomyelitis, peripheral arterial disease, coronary artery disease, stroke, vascular disease, sepsis, survival
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Gangrene, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Osteomyelitis, Prognosis, Retrospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, United States, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Cohort Studies, Proportional Hazards Models, Survival Analysis, Diabetic Foot, Electronic Health Records, Veterans Health
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