The DOI matches its Crossref record; 197 of the 199 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Potential use of algae for heavy metal bioremediation, a critical review
Abstract
Algae have several industrial applications that can lower the cost of biofuel co-production. Among these co-production applications, environmental and wastewater bioremediation are increasingly important. Heavy metal pollution and its implications for public health and the environment have led to increased interest in developing environmental biotechnology approaches. We review the potential for algal biosorption and/or neutralization of the toxic effects of heavy metal ions, primarily focusing on their cellular structure, pretreatment, modification, as well as potential application of genetic engineering in biosorption performance. We evaluate pretreatment, immobilization, and factors affecting biosorption capacity, such as initial metal ion concentration, biomass concentration, initial pH, time, temperature, and interference of multi metal ions and introduce molecular tools to develop engineered algal strains with higher biosorption capacity and selectivity. We conclude that consideration of these parameters can lead to the development of low-cost micro and macroalgae cultivation with high bioremediation potential.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Algae are a group of great interest for this purpose, since they are ideal for the bioremediation of wastewater thanks to their culture being very economical and easy to achieve on a large scale, since they are capable of capturing a high percentage of metal ions.”
From The Potential of Seaweeds as a Source of Functional Ingredients of Prebiotic and Antioxidant Value (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
Citations
Cites
Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: A review
Fu, F., & Wang, Q. (2011) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.011 · Cited by 8,703
Biosorbents for heavy metals removal and their future
Wang, J., & Chen, C. (2008) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.11.002 · Cited by 2,809
Quantitative Chemical Analysis
Harris, D. C. (1944) · Nature · doi:10.1038/154102c0 · Cited by 2,693
A review of the biochemistry of heavy metal biosorption by brown algae
Davis, T. A., Volesky, B., & Mucci, A. (2003) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(03)00293-8 · Cited by 2,394
Fundamentals of analytical chemistry
Skoog, D. A. (1963) · Cited by 2,234
Da̧browski, A., Hubicki, Z., Podkościelny, P., & Robens, E. (2004) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.03.006 · Cited by 1,717
Microbial and plant derived biomass for removal of heavy metals from wastewater
Ahluwalia, S. S., & Goyal, D. (2007) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.12.006 · Cited by 1,586
Heavy metal adsorption onto agro-based waste materials: a review
Demirbas, A. (2008) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.024 · Cited by 1,566
The Potential of Sustainable Algal Biofuel Production Using Wastewater Resources
Pittman, J. K., Dean, A. P., & Osundeko, O. (2011) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.035 · Cited by 1,526
Biosorption of heavy metals by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A review
Wang, J., & Chen, C. (2006) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.03.001 · Cited by 1,391
Heavy metal adsorbents prepared from the modification of cellulose: A review
O'Connell, D. W., Birkinshaw, C., & O’Dwyer, T. F. (2008) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.036 · Cited by 1,301
Wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds for biofuel production
Park, J. B. K., Craggs, R. J., & Shilton, A. N. (2010) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.158 · Cited by 1,155
Sheng, P. X., Ting, Y., Chen, J. P., & Hong, L. (2004) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2004.01.036 · Cited by 1,133
Volesky, B. (2007) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.05.062 · Cited by 1,004
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry
(2000) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420056716.ch25 · Cited by 991
Handbook of Microalgal Culture: Applied Phycology and Biotechnology
(2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118567166 · Cited by 979
Chary, N. S., Kamala, C. T., & Raj, D. S. S. (2007) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.04.013 · Cited by 920
Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions using carbon aerogel as an adsorbent
Meena, A. K., Mishra, G. K., Rai, P. K., Rajagopal, C., & Nagar, P. N. (2005) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.03.024 · Cited by 834
Use of Algae for Removing Heavy Metal Ions From Wastewater: Progress and Prospects
Mehta, S. K., & Gaur, J. P. (2005) · Critical Reviews in Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/07388550500248571 · Cited by 833
Immobilized microalgae for removing pollutants: Review of practical aspects
de‐Bashan, L. E., & Yoav Bashan, A. (2009) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.043 · Cited by 788
Adsorption of metal ions on lignin
Guo, X., Zhang, S., & Shan, X.-Q. (2007) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.05.065 · Cited by 786
Quantitative Chemical Analysis
Fresenius, C. R. (2010) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 773
Aksu, Z. (2002) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0032-9592(02)00051-1 · Cited by 679
Aksu, Z. (2001) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/s1383-5866(00)00212-4 · Cited by 647
Ruiz-Marin, A., Mendoza-Espinosa, L. G., & Stephenson, T. (2010) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.02.076 · Cited by 644
Gupta, V. K., & Rastogi, A. (2007) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.028 · Cited by 633
Comparative study of biosorption of heavy metals using different types of algae
Romera, E., González, F., Ballester, A., Blázquez, M. L., & Muñoz, J. Á. (2007) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.09.026 · Cited by 630
Mani, D., & Kumar, C. (2013) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-013-0299-8 · Cited by 620
Biosorption of Chromium(VI) From Aqueous solutions by green algae spirogyra species
Gupta, V. K., Shrivastava, A. K., & Jain, N. K. (2001) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00138-5 · Cited by 608
Valls, M., & de Lorenzo, V. (2002) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00618.x · Cited by 577
Removal of heavy metals from wastewater by membrane processes: a comparative study
Qdais, H. A., & Moussa, H. (2004) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/s0011-9164(04)00169-9 · Cited by 569
Gupta, V. K., Rastogi, A., & Nayak, A. (2009) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2009.10.074 · Cited by 517
Fourest, E., & Volesky, B. (1995) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es950315s · Cited by 515
Sarı, A., & Tüzen, M. (2008) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.008 · Cited by 498
Removal of toxic cations and Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by hazelnut shell
Cimino, G. G. (2000) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00048-8 · Cited by 487
Heavy metal detoxification in eukaryotic microalgae
Perales-Vela, H. V., Peña-Castro, J. M., & Cañizares–Villanueva, R. O. (2006) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.024 · Cited by 479
Heavy metals removal by chemical coagulation and precipitation
Charerntanyarak, L. (1999) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/s0273-1223(99)00304-2 · Cited by 450
Culture of Microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in Wastewater for Biomass Feedstock Production
Kong, Q.-X., Li, L., Martinez, B. C., Chen, P. L., & Ruan, R. R. (2009) · Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12010-009-8670-4 · Cited by 447
Removal of chromium(VI) from saline wastewaters by Dunaliella species
Dönmez, G., & Aksu, Z. (2002) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0032-9592(02)00204-2 · Cited by 445
Metal uptake by microalgae: Underlying mechanisms and practical applications
Monteiro, C. M., Castro, P. M. L., & Malcata, F. X. (2011) · Biotechnology Progress · doi:10.1002/btpr.1504 · Cited by 413
Sorption and desorption of lead (II) from wastewater by green algae Cladophora fascicularis
Deng, L., Su, Y., Su, H., Wang, X., & Zhu, X. (2006) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.009 · Cited by 410
Biosorption of Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ using dried marine green macroalga Caulerpa lentillifera
Pavasant, P., Apiratikul, R., Sungkhum, V., Suthiparinyanont, P., Wattanachira, S., & Marhaba, T. F. (2005) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.10.032 · Cited by 404
Craggs, R. J., Sutherland, D. L., & Campbell, H. (2012) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-012-9810-8 · Cited by 401
Pathways of As(III) detoxification in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Ghosh, M., Shen, J., & Rosen, B. P. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.9.5001 · Cited by 399
Gupta, V. K., & Rastogi, A. (2007) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.021 · Cited by 392
Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts
(2013) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3348-4 · Cited by 392 · cited 1×
“On the cost side, the need to reduce requirements for chemical remediation of wastewaters, minimizes freshwater consumption, enhances the suitability of algal introduction in the wastewater treatment process (Lyon et al., 2015; Lee, 2013; Zeng et al., 2015; Kesaano and Sims, 2014).”
BackgroundLodeiro, P., Barriada, J. L., Herrero, R., & de Vicente, M. E. S. (2005) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.10.001 · Cited by 389
Arief, V. O., Trilestari, K., Sunarso, J., Indraswati, N., & Ismadji, S. (2008) · CLEAN - Soil Air Water · doi:10.1002/clen.200800167 · Cited by 389
WASTEWATER TREATMENT WITH SUSPENDED AND NONSUSPENDED ALGAE
Hoffmann, J. P. (1998) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.1998.340757.x · Cited by 388
Removal of toxic chromium from wastewater using green alga Ulva lactuca and its activated carbon
Sikaily, A. E., Nemr, A. E., Khaled, A. M., & Abdelwehab, O. (2007) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.146 · Cited by 386
Gold(III) biosorption and bioreduction with the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus
Mata, Y. N., Torres, E., Blázquez, M. L., Ballester, A., González, F., & Muñoz, J. Á. (2008) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.064 · Cited by 356
Jenkins, S. H. (1973) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/0043-1354(73)90047-x · Cited by 356
Gupta, V. K., & Rastogi, A. (2007) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.032 · Cited by 330
Selective recovery of gold and other metal ions from an algal biomass
Darnall, D. W., Greene, B., Henzl, M. T., Hosea, J. M., McPherson, R. A., Sneddon, J., & Alexander, M. (1986) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es00144a018 · Cited by 326
Tüzün, İ., Bayramoğlu, G., Yalçın, E., Kankılıç, G. B., Çelik, G., & Arica, M. Y. (2005) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.01.028 · Cited by 325
Algal biofilm based technology for wastewater treatment
Kesaano, M., & Sims, R. C. (2014) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2014.02.003 · Cited by 323
Biosorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solution using green alga (Ulva lactuca) biomass
Sarı, A., & Tüzen, M. (2007) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.06.097 · Cited by 320
Karthikeyan, S., Balasubramanian, R., & Iyer, C. S. P. (2006) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.01.010 · Cited by 320
Comparative Analysis of the Biosorption of Cadmium, Lead, Nickel, and Zinc by Algae
Klimmek, S., Stan, H., Wilke, A., Bunke, G., & Buchholz, R. (2001) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es010063x · Cited by 310
Biosorption with Algae: A Statistical Review
Romera, E., González, F., Ballester, A., Blázquez, M. L., & Muñoz, J. Á. (2006) · Critical Reviews in Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/07388550600972153 · Cited by 300
Akhtar, N. (2004) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.01.002 · Cited by 293
Sarı, A., & Tuzen, M. (2008) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.005 · Cited by 288 · cited 2×
“The biosorption capacity of cadmium ions increase with decreasing temperature for specific algae because of the exothermic nature of cadmium ion bioremoval (Aksu, 2001; Cruz et al., 2004; Sari and Tuzen, 2008a, 2008b).”
BackgroundInfluentialMartins, R. J. E., Pardo, R., & Boaventura, R. A. R. (2003) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2003.10.013 · Cited by 272
Kinetic modeling and equilibrium studies during cadmium biosorption by dead Sargassum sp. biomass
Cruz, C. C. V., da Costa, A. C. A., Henriques, C. A., & Luna, A. S. (2003) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/s0960-8524(03)00194-9 · Cited by 271
Algal biofuels from wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds
Craggs, R. J., Heubeck, S., Lundquist, T. J., & Benemann, J. R. (2011) · Water Science and Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2011.100 · Cited by 267 · cited 2×
“Hybrid wastewater treatment and algae cultivation systems could decrease unit costs of energy by 20e25%, and largely eliminate the cost of nutrient and freshwater supplementation (Craggs et al., 2011).”
BackgroundLee, Y.-C., & Chang, S. (2011) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.12.103 · Cited by 264
Bayramoğlu, G., Tüzün, İ., Çelik, G., Yılmaz, M., & Arica, M. Y. (2006) · International Journal of Mineral Processing · doi:10.1016/j.minpro.2006.06.002 · Cited by 254
Abinandan, S., & Shanthakumar, S. (2015) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.086 · Cited by 250
Biosorption of nickel on blank alginate beads, free and immobilized algal cells
Al‐Rub, F. A. A., El‐Naas, M. H., Benyahia, F., & Ashour, I. A. (2003) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2003.08.002 · Cited by 237
Biomanagement of Metal-Contaminated Soils
Khan, M. S., Musarrat, J., Goel, R., & Zaidi, A. (2011) · Environmental pollution · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1914-9 · Cited by 237
Competitive biosorption of lead, cadmium, copper, and arsenic ions using algae
Sulaymon, A. H., Mohammed, A. A., & Al-Musawi, T. J. (2012) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-012-1208-2 · Cited by 234
Ionic strength effects in biosorption of metals by marine algae
Schiewer, S., & Wong, M. H. (2000) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00421-x · Cited by 232
Rosen, B. P. (2002) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00201-5 · Cited by 230
Priority pollutants in wastewater and combined sewer overflow
Gaspéri, J., Garnaud, S., Rocher, V., & Moilleron, R. (2008) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.08.015 · Cited by 228
Tüzen, M., & Sarı, A. (2010) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2009.12.041 · Cited by 228
Rangsayatorn, N., Upatham, E. S., Kruatrachue, M., Pokethitiyook, P., & Lanza, G. R. (2002) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/s0269-7491(01)00324-4 · Cited by 214
Aksu, Z., & Dönmez, G. (2005) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2005.10.025 · Cited by 212
Franklin, N. M., Stauber, J. L., Lim, R. P., & Petocz, P. (2002) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5620211121 · Cited by 212
Effect of pretreatment on the bioadsorption of heavy metals on Mucor rouxii.
Yan, G., & Viraraghavan, T. (2000) · Water SA · Cited by 209
My sixty years in applied algology
Oswald, W. J. (2003) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1023/a:1023871903434 · Cited by 209
Tolerance and uptake of heavy metals by Trichoderma atroviride isolated from sludge
Errasquín, E. L., & Vázquez, C. (2003) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00485-x · Cited by 208
Biosorption of cadmium and copper contaminated water by Scenedesmus abundans
Terry, P. A., & Stone, W. (2002) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00303-4 · Cited by 203
Sağ, Y., & Kutsal, T. (2000) · Biochemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/s1369-703x(00)00083-8 · Cited by 199
Heavy metal bioaccumulation and toxicity with special reference to microalgae
Arunakumara, K. K. I. U., & Zhang, X. (2008) · Journal of Ocean University of China · doi:10.1007/s11802-008-0060-y · Cited by 195
Mata, Y. N., Blázquez, M. L., Ballester, A., González, F., & Muñoz, J. Á. (2008) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.015 · Cited by 194
Bajguz, A. (2010) · Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00244-010-9551-0 · Cited by 193
Wilde, K. L., Stauber, J. L., Markich, S. J., Franklin, N. M., & Brown, P. L. (2006) · Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00244-004-0256-0 · Cited by 192
Rangsayatorn, N., Pokethitiyook, P., Upatham, E. S., & Lanza, G. R. (2003) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/s0160-4120(03)00146-6 · Cited by 189
Vegliò, F., Quaresima, R., Fornari, P., & Ubaldini, S. (2003) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/s0956-053x(02)00157-5 · Cited by 186
Bayramoğlu, G., & Arica, M. Y. (2008) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.05.050 · Cited by 184
Areco, M. M., Hanela, S., Durán, J., & Afonso, M. D. S. (2012) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.073 · Cited by 179
Lee, S.-M., Laldawngliana, C., & Tiwari, D. (2012) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2012.04.075 · Cited by 179
Characterization of biosorption process of As(III) on green algae Ulothrix cylindricum
Tüzen, M., Sarı, A., Mendil, D., Uluözlü, Ö. D., Soylak, M., & Doğan, M. (2008) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.10.020 · Cited by 178
Malkoç, E., & Nuhoğlu, Y. (2007) · Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification · doi:10.1016/j.cep.2007.05.007 · Cited by 176
Sheng, P. X., Ting, Y., & Chen, J. P. (2007) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/ie0615786 · Cited by 169
Mata, Y. N., Blázquez, M. L., Ballester, A., González, F., & Muñoz, J. Á. (2008) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.084 · Cited by 169
Wong, J. P.-K., Wong, Y. S., & Tam, N. F. Y. (2000) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/s0960-8524(99)00175-3 · Cited by 168
Arica, M. Y., Tüzün, İ., Yalçın, E., İnce, Ö., & Bayramoğlu, G. (2004) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2004.09.008 · Cited by 164
Biodiesel production from indigenous microalgae grown in wastewater
Komolafe, O., Orta, S., Ramírez, I. M., Yáñez-Noguez, I., Harvey, A., & Ledesma, M. T. O. (2013) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.048 · Cited by 162
Biosorption of Cr(III) from aqueous solution using algal biomass spirogyra spp.
Bishnoi, N. R., Kumar, R., Kumar, S., & Rani, S. (2006) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.10.093 · Cited by 159
Akhtar, N., Iqbal, M. W., Zafar, S. I., & Iqbal, J. (2008) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1001-0742(08)60036-4 · Cited by 158
Onyancha, D. O., Mavura, W. J., Ngila, J. C., Ongoma, P. O., & Chacha, J. S. (2008) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.043 · Cited by 157
Vogel, M., Günther, A., Rossberg, A., Li, B., Bernhard, G., & Raff, J. (2010) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.10.011 · Cited by 149
Deng, L., Su, Y., Su, H., Wang, X., & Zhu, X. (2006) · Adsorption · doi:10.1007/s10450-006-0503-y · Cited by 148
Enhanced Mercury Biosorption by Bacterial Cells with Surface-Displayed MerR
Bae, W., Wu, C. H., Košťál, J., Mulchandani, A., & Chen, W. (2003) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.69.6.3176-3180.2003 · Cited by 148
The removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions by Ulothrix zonata
Nuhoğlu, Y., Malkoç, E., Gürses, A., & Canpolat, N. (2002) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/s0960-8524(02)00098-6 · Cited by 146
Absorption and Adsorption of Heavy Metals by Microalgae
Kaplan, D. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118567166.ch32 · Cited by 146
Singh, R., Rout, C., Kumar, R., Bishnoi, K., Bhatia, D., Kumar, A., Bishnoi, N. R., & Singh, N. (2009) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.097 · Cited by 144
Han, X., Wong, Y. S., & Tam, N. F. Y. (2006) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2006.08.028 · Cited by 142
Sousa, C., Kotrba, P., Ruml, T., Cebolla, Á., & de Lorenzo, V. (1998) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.180.9.2280-2284.1998 · Cited by 141
Tsekova, K. V., Todorova, D., & Ganeva, S. (2010) · International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation · doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2010.05.003 · Cited by 141
Garnham, G. W., Codd, G. A., & Gadd, G. M. (1992) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/bf00178183 · Cited by 140
Raeesossadati, M. J., Ahmadzadeh, H., McHenry, M. P., & Moheimani, N. R. (2014) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2014.09.007 · Cited by 139
Gokhale, S. V., Jyoti, K. K., & Lele, S. S. (2008) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.07.039 · Cited by 134
Recovery of uranium by immobilized microorganisms
Nakajima, A., Horikoshi, T., & Sakaguchi, T. (1982) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/bf00500732 · Cited by 134
El-Sheekh, M. M., El-Shouny, W. A., Osman, M. E., & El-Gammal, E. W. (2004) · Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.etap.2004.09.005 · Cited by 130
Biosorption of lead ion by chemically-modified biomass of marine brown algae Laminaria japonica
Luo, F., Liu, Y., Li, X., Xuan, Z., & Ma, J. (2006) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.076 · Cited by 127
Singh, A., Kumar, D., & Gaur, J. P. (2011) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.050 · Cited by 124
Biosorption of Cu(II) ions onto the litter of natural trembling poplar forest
Dundar, M., Nuhoğlu, Ç., & Nuhoğlu, Y. (2007) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.05.055 · Cited by 122
Bioremediation potential of live and dead Spirulina: Spectroscopic, kinetics and SEM studies
Doshi, H., Ray, A., & Kothari, I. L. (2006) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.21190 · Cited by 121
Vilar, V. J. P., Botelho, C. M. S., & Boaventura, R. A. R. (2007) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.01.042 · Cited by 114
Biosorption and desorption of Nickel on oil cake: Batch and column studies
Khan, M. A., Ngabura, M., Choong, T. S. Y., Masood, H., & Abdullah, L. C. (2011) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.065 · Cited by 112
Nitrate and Nitrite Removal from Wastewater using Algae
Taziki, M., Ahmadzadeh, H., Murry, M. A., & Lyon, S. R. (2015) · Current Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/2211550104666150828193607 · Cited by 111
Biomass and Biofuels from Microalgae
Moheimani, N. R., McHenry, M. P., de Boer, K., & Bahri, P. A. (2015) · Biofuel and biorefinery technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16640-7 · Cited by 105
Removal of tributyltin (TBT) by live and dead microalgal cells
Tam, N. F. Y., Chong, A. M. Y., & Wong, Y. S. (2002) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00184-4 · Cited by 104
Robinson, N. J., Whitehall, S. K., & Cavet, J. S. (2001) · Advances in microbial physiology/Advances in Microbial Physiology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2911(01)44014-8 · Cited by 103
Characterization and optimization of Ni and Cu sorption from aqueous solution by Chlorella vulgaris
Mehta, S. K., & Gaur, J. P. (2001) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/s0925-8574(00)00174-9 · Cited by 102
Sarı, A., & Tüzen, M. (2009) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.101 · Cited by 101
Biosorption of cadmium by CO2-fixing microalga Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N
Chen, C., Chang, H., Kao, P.-C., Pan, J., & Chang, J. (2011) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.124 · Cited by 98
Extraction of rice bran oil using aqueous media
Hanmoungjai, P., Pyle, L., & Niranjan, K. (2000) · Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4660(200005)75:5 · Cited by 96
Biosorption of copper, zinc, cadmium and nickel byChlorella vulgaris
Fraile, A., Penche, S., González, F., Blázquez, M. L., Muñoz, J. Á., & Ballester, A. (2005) · Chemistry and Ecology · doi:10.1080/02757540512331334933 · Cited by 96
Biosorption of mercury from aqueous solution by Ulva lactuca biomass
Zeroual, Y., Moutaouakkil, A., Dzairi, F. Z., Talbi, M., Chung, P. U., Lee, K., & Blaghen, M. (2003) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/s0960-8524(03)00122-6 · Cited by 96
Mehta, S. K., & Gaur, J. P. (2001) · European Journal of Protistology · doi:10.1078/0932-4739-00813 · Cited by 96
Talebi, A. F., Tabatabaei, M., Mohtashami, S. K., Tohidfar, M., & Moradi, F. (2013) · Notulae Scientia Biologicae · doi:10.15835/nsb539114 · Cited by 95
The Equilibrium and Kinetic Modelling of the Biosorption of Copper(II) Ions on Cladophora crispata
Özer, A., Özer, D., & Ekiz, H. İ. (2005) · Adsorption · doi:10.1007/s10450-005-4817-y · Cited by 95
Electrokinetic enhancement removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater sludge
Yuan, C., & Weng, C. (2006) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.02.050 · Cited by 94
Bertagnolli, C., Uhart, A., Dupin, J., da Silva, M. G. C., Guibal, E., & Desbrières, J. (2014) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.103 · Cited by 91
Genetic Engineering of Bacteria for Environmental Remediation of Mercury
Kiyono, M., & Pan-Hou, H. S. K. (2006) · Eisei kagaku · doi:10.1248/jhs.52.199 · Cited by 91
Cadmium Removal by Two Strains of Desmodesmus pleiomorphus Cells
Monteiro, C. M., Castro, P. M. L., & Malcata, F. X. (2009) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-009-0146-1 · Cited by 90
Role of glutathione in detoxification of metal(loid)s by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Gharieb, M. M., & Gadd, G. M. (2004) · BioMetals · doi:10.1023/b:biom.0000018402.22057.62 · Cited by 89
Finocchio, E., Lodi, A., Solisio, C., & Converti, A. (2009) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.015 · Cited by 88
Biosorption of zinc ions from aqueous solution by the microalga Scenedesmus obliquus
Monteiro, C. M., Castro, P. M. L., & Malcata, F. X. (2009) · Environmental Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1007/s10311-009-0258-2 · Cited by 88
Biodegradation capacity of tributyltin by two Chlorella species
Tsang, C. K., Lau, A. P. S., Tam, N. F. Y., & Wong, Y. S. (1999) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00047-0 · Cited by 84
Bayo, J. (2012) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2012.03.016 · Cited by 84
Bioprocess considerations for microalgal-based wastewater treatment and biomass production
Zeng, X., Guo, X., Su, G., Danquah, M. K., Zhang, S., Lu, Y., Sun, Y. Q., & Lin, L. (2014) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.033 · Cited by 84
Toxicity testing using immobilized algae
Bozeman, J., Koopman, B. L., & Bitton, G. (1989) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/0166-445x(89)90032-5 · Cited by 81
Application of Various Immobilization Techniques for Algal Bioprocesses
Eroğlu, E., Smith, S. M., & Raston, C. L. (2015) · Biofuel and biorefinery technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16640-7_2 · Cited by 78
The interphase technique: a simple method of cell immobilization in gel-beads
López, A., Lázaro, N., & Marqués, A. M. (1997) · Journal of Microbiological Methods · doi:10.1016/s0167-7012(97)00071-7 · Cited by 78
Lamai, C., Kruatrachue, M., Pokethitiyook, P., Upatham, E. S., & Soonthornsarathool, V. (2005) · Cited by 77
Biosorption of heavy metals by chemically‐activated alga Fucus vesiculosus
Rincón, J. R. T., González, F., Ballester, A., Blázquez, M. L., & Muñoz, J. Á. (2005) · Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1002/jctb.1342 · Cited by 75
Genetic Strategies for Enhancing Phytoremediation
Stomp, A.-M., Han, K., Wilbert, S. M., Gordon, M. P., & Cunningham, S. D. (1994) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb47418.x · Cited by 73
Biosorption of lead ions (Pb2+) from simulated wastewater using residual biomass of microalgae
Das, D., Chakraborty, S., Bhattacharjee, C., & Chowdhury, R. (2015) · Desalination and Water Treatment · doi:10.1080/19443994.2014.994105 · Cited by 71
Efficient biosorption of cadmium by the self-flocculating microalga Scenedesmus obliquus AS-6-1
Zhang, X., Zhao, X., Wan, C., Chen, B., & Bai, F. (2016) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2016.04.002 · Cited by 71
Krishnaswamy, R., & Wilson, D. B. (2000) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.66.12.5383-5386.2000 · Cited by 70
Aksu, Z., Açıkel, Ü., & Kutsal, T. (1999) · Separation Science and Technology · doi:10.1081/ss-100100663 · Cited by 67
Goharshadi, E. K., & Moghaddam, M. B. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-014-0748-z · Cited by 66
Continuous Cr(VI) removal by Scenedesmus incrassatulus in an airlift photobioreactor
Pilco, C. J., Cristiani‐Urbina, E., Flores‐Cotera, L. B., Velasco-García, R., Ponce‐Noyola, T., & Cañizares–Villanueva, R. O. (2008) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.10.053 · Cited by 66
Cell surface-engineered yeast with ability to bind, and self-aggregate in response to, copper ion
Kuroda, K., Ueda, M., Shibasaki, S., & Tanaka, A. (2002) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-002-1014-8 · Cited by 63
Agapakis, C. M., & Silver, P. A. (2009) · Molecular BioSystems · doi:10.1039/b901484e · Cited by 63
Copper(II) and lead(II) sorption from aqueous solution by non-living Spirogyra neglecta
Singh, A., Kumar, D., & Gaur, J. (2007) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.11.041 · Cited by 62
Binding of aqueous cadmium by the lyophilized biomass of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Adhiya, J., Cai, X., Sayre, R. T., & Traina, S. J. (2002) · Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · doi:10.1016/s0927-7757(02)00041-9 · Cited by 62
Effect of aluminum in two-metal biosorption by an algal biosorbent
Lee, H. S., Suh, J. H., Kim, I. B., & Yoon, T. (2004) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2004.01.002 · Cited by 58
Interactions of metal cations with anionic groups on the cell wall of the macroalga Vaucheria sp.
Michalak, I., & Chojnacka, K. (2010) · Engineering in Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/elsc.200900039 · Cited by 58
Effect of competitive interference on the biosorption of lead(II) by Chlorella vulgaris
El‐Naas, M. H., Al‐Rub, F. A. A., Ashour, I. A., & Al-Marzouqi, M. H. (2006) · Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification · doi:10.1016/j.cep.2006.11.003 · Cited by 58
Bailliez, C., Largeau, C., Berkaloff, C., & Casadevall, E. (1986) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/bf00257033 · Cited by 54
Mehta, S. K., Singh, A., & Gaur, J. P. (2002) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A · doi:10.1081/ese-120002837 · Cited by 51
Biosorption of Cadmium by Live and Immobilized Cells of Spirulina Platensis
(2008) · Bioline International (Bioline International) · Cited by 49
Pohl, P., & Schimmack, W. (2006) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-006-9084-0 · Cited by 47
Schiewer, S., & Volesky, B. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-015-9425-7_8 · Cited by 46
Rao, P. S., Kalyani, S., Reddy, K. V. N. S., & Krishnaiah, A. (2005) · Separation Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/01496390500385350 · Cited by 46
Mehta, S. K., Tripathi, B. N., & Gaur, J. P. (2002) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1023/a:1021149119472 · Cited by 44
Tamilselvan, N., Saurav, K., & Каннабиран, К. (2011) · Journal of Ocean University of China · doi:10.1007/s11802-012-1843-8 · Cited by 43
Accumulation of uranium at low concentration by the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus 34
Zhang, X., Luo, S., Yang, Q., Huaili, Z., & Li, J. (1997) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1023/a:1007911119029 · Cited by 42
Preston, J. S., & du Preez, A. C. (1996) · Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4660(199601)65:1 · Cited by 42
A small scale hydroponics wastewater treatment system under Swedish conditions
Norström, A., Larsdotter, K., Gumaelius, L., Jansen, J. L. C., & Dalhammar, G. (2004) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2004.0830 · Cited by 41
Use and implications of iron and other transition metals in environmental remediation processes
Hanna, K. (2012) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-012-1169-5 · Cited by 41
Customizable Biopolymers for Heavy Metal Remediation
Košťál, J., Prabhukumar, G., Lao, U. L., Chen, A., Matsumoto, M. R., Mulchandani, A., & Chen, W. (2005) · Journal of Nanoparticle Research · doi:10.1007/s11051-005-5132-y · Cited by 41
Godlewska‐Żyłkiewicz, B. (2001) · Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1080/20014091076730 · Cited by 39
Mehta, S. K., Tripathi, B. N., & Gaur, J. P. (2000) · European Journal of Protistology · doi:10.1016/s0932-4739(00)80050-4 · Cited by 37
COMPARISON OF COPPER(II) BIOSORPTIVE PROPERTIES OF LIVE AND TREATEDCANDIDA SP
Aksu, Z., & Dönmez, G. (2001) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A · doi:10.1081/ese-100102928 · Cited by 36
Dabbagh, R., Ebrahimi, M., Aflaki, F., Ghafourian, H., & Sahafipour, M. H. (2008) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.026 · Cited by 35
Lee, H., Shim, E., Yun, H.-S., Park, Y.-T., Kim, D., Ji, M.-K., Kim, C.-K., Shin, W.-S., & Choi, J. (2016) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-015-4609-1 · Cited by 33
Growth of Chlorella vulgaris in High Concentrations of Nitrate and Nitrite for Wastewater Treatment
Taziki, M., Ahmadzadeh, H., & Murry, M. A. (2016) · Current Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/2211550104666150930204835 · Cited by 33
Microalga-Mediated Bioremediation of Heavy Metal–Contaminated Surface Waters
Monteiro, C. M., Castro, P. M. L., & Malcata, F. X. (2011) · Environmental pollution · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1914-9_16 · Cited by 31
Effects of nitrate and oxygen on photoautotrophic lipid production from Chlorococcum littorale
Ota, M., Kato, Y., Watanabe, M., Satô, Y., Smith, R. L., Sastre, R. R., Posten, C. H., & Inomata, H. (2010) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.024 · Cited by 28
The single batch biosorption of copper(II) ions on Sargassum acinarum
Uzunoğlu, D., Gürel, N., Özkaya, N., & Özer, A. (2013) · Desalination and Water Treatment · doi:10.1080/19443994.2013.789403 · Cited by 27
Ebrahimi, M., Panahi, R., & Dabbagh, R. (2008) · Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12010-008-8389-7 · Cited by 26
Zhao, Y., Hao, Y., & Ramelow, G. J. (1994) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf00546662 · Cited by 26
Algae-Based Wastewater Treatment for Biofuel Production: Processes, Species, and Extraction Methods
Lyon, S. R., Ahmadzadeh, H., & Murry, M. A. (2015) · Biofuel and biorefinery technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16640-7_6 · Cited by 24
Interference of Aluminum in Copper Biosorption by an Algal Biosorbent
Lee, H. S., & Volesky, B. (1999) · Water Quality Research Journal · doi:10.2166/wqrj.1999.025 · Cited by 16
Biosorption of hexavalent chromium by Spirogyra spp.: equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics.
Yaqub, A., Mughal, M. S., Adnan, A., Khan, W. A., & Anjum, K. M. (2012) · The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences · Cited by 15
Ahmadzadeh, H., Prescott, M., Muster, N., & Stoyanov, A. V. (2007) · Chemical Engineering Communications · doi:10.1080/00986440701569226 · Cited by 14
Bayes, G. S., Raut, S. S., Patil, V. R., & Lokhande, R. S. (2012) · Journal of Solution Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s10953-012-9798-3 · Cited by 12
CO2 Environmental Bioremediation by Microalgae
Raeesossadati, M. J., Ahmadzadeh, H., McHenry, M. P., & Moheimani, N. R. (2015) · Biofuel and biorefinery technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16640-7_7 · Cited by 11
Uptake and recovery of heavy metals by immobilized cells ofaphasocapsa polchra(Kütz.) Rabenh.
Subramanian, V. V., Sivasubramanian, V., & Gowrinathan, K. P. (1994) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10934529409376142 · Cited by 8
Interference of Co-ions in Biosorption of Cu 2+ by Biosorbent from Marine Alga Durvillaea potatorum
Kaewsarn, P., Yu, Q., & Ma, W. (2001) · Environmental Engineering Science · doi:10.1089/10928750151132294 · Cited by 7
Heavy Metal Tolerance, Biosorption And Bioaccumulation By Some Microalgae (Egyptian Isolates)
Shanab, S. M. M., & Essa, A. M. M. (2007) · New Egyptian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.4314/nejmi.v17i1.40316 · Cited by 4
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 199 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Gadd, 1988, Accumulation of metals by microorganisms and algae, Biotechnology, 6, 401
- Malkoc, 2003, The removal of chromium (VI) from synthetic wastewater by Ulothrix zonata, Fresenius Environ. Bull., 12, 376
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Efficient techniques for the removal of toxic heavy metals from aquatic environment: A review
Carolin, C. F., Kumar, P. S., Saravanan, A., Joshiba, G. J., & Naushad, M. (2017) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2017.05.029 · Cited by 1,696
Vardhan, K. H., Kumar, P. S., & Panda, R. C. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111197 · Cited by 1,618
Biological approaches to tackle heavy metal pollution: A survey of literature
Jacob, J. M., Karthik, C., Saratale, R. G., Kumar, S. S., Prabakar, D., Kadirvelu, K., & Pugazhendhi, A. (2018) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.077 · Cited by 703
Current Status of the Algae Production Industry in Europe: An Emerging Sector of the Blue Bioeconomy
Araújo, R., Vázquez Calderón, F., Sánchez López, J., Azevedo, I. C., Bruhn, A., Fluch, S., Garcia Tasende, M., Ghaderiardakani, F., Ilmjärv, T., Laurans, M., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.626389 · Cited by 653
Fourth generation biofuel: A review on risks and mitigation strategies.
Abdullah, B., Syed Muhammad, S. A. F., Shokravi, Z., Ismail, S., Kassim, K. A., Mahmood, A. N., & Aziz, M. M. A. (2019) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.018 · Cited by 531
Metadata
- Authors
- Zeraatkar, A. K., Ahmadzadeh, H., Talebi, A. F., Moheimani, N. R., & McHenry, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (IR)
- Semnan University (IR)
- Murdoch University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Ahmadzadeh, Hossein
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Management
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-10
- Volume
- 181
- Pages
- 817-831
- ISSN
- 0301-4797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2465661174
- Cited by
- 595
- References
- 199
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 2.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Management (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Murdoch University Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- ATF committee
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Heavy Metal Pollution Remediation
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Keywords
- algae, heavy metal bioremediation, biosorption, wastewater treatment, microalgae, seaweed, genetic engineering of algae, metal immobilization, biosorption capacity, heavy metal contamination
- MeSH terms
- Adsorption, Biodegradation, Environmental, Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Ions, Seaweed, Temperature, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Biomass, Cells, Immobilized, Metals, Heavy, Microalgae, Wastewater
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review