Behavioural responses to climate change: Asymmetry of intentions and impacts

“…or selftranscendent values tend to activate personal norms to take pro-environmental action, if it is believed that environmental conditions threaten things the individual values and that the individual can act to reduce that threat (Stern et al., 1993; Nilsson et al., 2004; Snelgar, 2006).”

“Indeed, recycling is famous as cost-effective for job prosperity and act as pollution reductions, which simultaneously offers both employment creation and economic development opportunities (Whitmarsh, 2009).”

“…adaptations (e.g., domestic energy efficiency measures, reduction in single-occupant vehicle trips, etc.) and the behaviors that are actually commonly practiced by members of the public even though these have little impact relative to climate change mitigation (e.g., recycling) (Whitmarsh 2009).”

“Older people performed more behaviors such as water saving (Gilg & Barr, 2006 and Pirani & Secondi, 2011), energy saving (Whitmarsh, 2009 and Pirani & Secondi, 2011), waste recycling (Whitmarsh & O’Neill, 2010 and Pirani & Secondi, 2011), waste prevention (Kurisu & Bortoleto, 2011) and eco-driving…”

“…behaviours, indirect energy consumption (through products and services, as opposed to direct consumption of electricity and fuel), and lack of willingness to adopt changes in behaviour that have high impacts but are inconvenient (Lorenzoni, Nicholsoncole, &Whitmarsh, 2007;Whitmarsh, 2009).”

“Stating that ‘there is increasing international acceptance that climate change is a serious threat to human well-being and environmental integrity’ Whitmarsh [15] argues: In the UK, the Labour Government has identified climate change as a priority issue, and positioned itself as a global leader in addressing it.”

“People's lack of awareness of the consequences associated with air pollution results in an inadequate behavioral response to the problem [45].”

“This was in stark context with prior research, which suggests that individuals who perceive personal responsibility as limited or insignificant may exhibit apathy, denial, or inaction (Whitmarsh 2009).”

“Even if the literature has shown that personal values can mitigate responses to environmental degradation (Whitmarsh 2009) those mitigative efforts will not necessarily catalyze hosting norms.”

“Others are less manifestly so, arising from mixed motivations (Whitmarsh, 2009).”

“Leaders, as described by Ajzen (1991) and Whitmarsh (2009), influence behavior by incorporating motivational factors, social norms, and environmental identity concepts.”

“A consumer engaged in one type of that behavior is more likely to engage in another type (Whitmarsh, 2009).”

“, knowledge about soil erosion, self-efficacy in solving the problem, their perspectives on the future, perceived environmental impacts and health risks, obstacles to acting against soil erosion, as well as their behavioral intentions and mitigation behaviors [25,26].”

“While “climate change” is a term used in mainstream society, research indicates that many people do not have much knowledge about it (Brechin, 2003; Whitmarsh, 2009).”

“Drivers are not likely to reduce driving habits even if they are informed of their climactic implications because they feel that other drivers are not making this change, nor do these others think it is important to make this change (Whitmarsh, 2009).”

“In this example, participation in CBCRS may foster both intent and impact oriented action (Whitmarsh 2009).”

“…and households has continued to rise in recent years (Department for Environment and Rural Affairs [DEFRA], 2006; notwithstanding some small drops recently, largely as a result of the financial recession), and only a minority of people are taking action to mitigate the effect (Whitmarsh, 2009).”

“That people express that they understand the necessity of acting upon climate change, but do not change their behaviour accordingly, is moreover taken to represent a gap between the values people hold and the actions they take (Kollmuss and Agyeman 2002; Lorenzoni, Nicholson-Cole, and Whitmarsh 2007; Whitmarsh 2009; O…”

“…size, income, and car ownership are often more important predictors of actual energy savings ~Gatersleben, Steg, and Vlek, 2002; Nolan et al., 2008; Whitmarsh, 2009!. Additionally, previous research has found that environmental activism predicted support for increased reliance on renewables and…”

“After the systematic analysis of a larger number of scientific papers dealing with the problem of disaster risk communication (Bouckenooghe, Devos, & Van den Broeck, 2009; Whitmarsh, 2009a, 2009b; Williams et al., 2006), instruments were identified that served for conceiving the survey questions.”

“So zeigte beispielsweise Whitmarsh (2009), dass Befragte, die den Weg zur Arbeit zu Fuß oder mit dem Fahrrad zurücklegen, dies vornehmlich ökonomisch und nicht ökologisch begründen.”

“Accordingly, further evidence could be presented while taking into account some measures provided in previous studies, such as face-to-face interviews [102], meter reading, and use of previous studies [103].”

“Many PEBs (e.g., purchasing, travel, etc.) include habitual actions, as well as more deliberate ones, e.g., buying appliances [3].”

“…around their lifestyles and homes, with particular emphasis on how an individual’s behaviour is motivated by their concern about climate change, has been the focus of much empirical research (Norgaard 2009; Whitmarsh 2009; Bickerstaff et al 2008; Lorenzoni et al 2007; Lorenzoni and Pidgeon 2008).”

“31 (Whitmarsh, 2009; Whitmarsh & O’Neill, 2010), or if an action conflicts with other life goals or”

“, 1991; Pawlik, 1991), psychological literature focuses on the perception of climatic risk (Bohm & Pfister, 2000; Sundblad, Biel & Gärling, 2007), behavioral responses to climate change (Nilsson, Borgstede & Bie, 2004; Whitmarsh, 2009) and motivation to mitigate global warming (Whitmarsh & O’Neill, 2010).”

“Individual preferences and behavioral responses to climate change adaptation and mitigation have received increasing attention in the recent years (de Jalón et al. 2013; Gifford 2011; Islam et al. 2013, 2016; Rajmis et al. 2009; Whitmarsh 2009).”

“Similarly, Whitmarsh (2009) found a difference between intent-oriented actions driven by values, such as recycling, and high-impact energy conservation driven by financial motivation.”

“This suggests that the effects of concern for climate change may not be limited to low-cost and low-effort behaviours as previously reported [29, 30].”

“…needs to be supported by empowerment strategies, as psychological barriers such as cognitive limitations, low self-e ffi cacy, social comparison, and perceived lack of control may prevent awareness from translating into action (Hornsey et al. 2016; Schultz 2000; Swim et al. 2009; Whitmarsh 2009).”

“Whitmarsh (2008, 2009) had pointed out that the direct experience of environmental issues can enhance individuals’ perceptions about considering climate change a salient risk and taking action in response to it.”

“Others find that some actions might more often be adopted out of a desire to protect the environment than others (Whitmarsh 2009).”

“…is encouraging in the fight against the climate crisis, it seems that individuals see their role in climate protection primarily in changing individual lifestyles and focusing on less impactful curtailment behaviors (Bouman et al., 2020; Jakučionytė-Skodienė and Liobikienė, 2021; Whitmarsh, 2009).”

“We measured ecological worldview using a shortened six-item NEP (Dunlap - - et al., 2000; Whitmarsh 2009; see Appendix 3) on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree , 7 = strongly agree , α = .69).”

“…oraz identyfikacja czynników determinujących akceptację i przyzwolenie społeczne tego rozwiązania w ujęciu jego praktycznych zastosowań [9]; 7) przegląd przypadków identyfikacji procesu autokonsumpcji energii elektrycznej w różnych kontekstach, takich jak domy prywatne,…”

“2008) and are much easier to undertake than other energy-saving behaviors such as avoiding driving (Whitmarsh 2009).”

“Capstick, Lorenzoni, Corner and Whitmarsh (2015) outline that such measures appear promising since they holistically address the shift towards sustainability rather than the small-scale and personal interventions carried out many a time in isolation.”

“In this respect, it has been argued that soft, informational and voluntary measures are easier to implement due to relatively low resistance and conflict compared to more stringent hard measures (Heiskanen et al., 2014; see also Whitmarsh, 2009).”

“For instance, the energy consumption levels determine a lot about climate change [7].”

“This inherent intangibility not only makes it difficult for people to conceptualize the process itself, but also to comprehend the potential for risk (Whitmarsh, 2009).”

“Most attempts to reduce emissions at this level have relied on voluntary approaches and, as noted by Lorenzoni et al. (2007) and Whitmarsh (2009), such approaches have hd little impact on behaviour.”