A review of intervention studies aimed at household energy conservation
Open accessAbstract
This article reviews and evaluates the effectiveness of interventions aiming to encourage households to reduce energy consumption. Thirty-eight studies performed within the field of (applied) social and environmental psychology are reviewed, and categorized as involving either antecedent strategies (i.e. commitment, goal setting, information, modeling) or consequence strategies (i.e. feedback, rewards). Particular attention is given to the following evaluation criteria: (1) to what extent did the intervention result in behavioral changes and/or reductions in energy use, (2) were underlying behavioral determinants examined (e.g. knowledge, attitudes), (3) to what extent could effects be attributed to the interventions and, (4) were effects maintained over longer periods of time? Interestingly, most studies focus on voluntary behavior change, by changing individual knowledge and/or perceptions rather than changing contextual factors (i.e. pay-off structure) which may determine households’ behavioral decisions. Interventions have been employed with varying degrees of success. Information tends to result in higher knowledge levels, but not necessarily in behavioral changes or energy savings. Rewards have effectively encouraged energy conservation, but with rather short-lived effects. Feedback has also proven its merits, in particular when given frequently. Some important issues cloud these conclusions, such as methodological problems. Also, little attention is given to actual environmental impact of energy savings. Often, an intervention's effectiveness is studied without examining underlying psychological determinants of energy use and energy savings. Also, it is not always clear whether effects were maintained over a longer period of time. Recommendations are given to further improve intervention planning and to enhance the effectiveness of interventions.
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Prior conservation studies have often observed rebound effects where consumption returns to pre-intervention levels after energy saving technology or behavioral interventions.
“prior conservation studies have often observed what has been termed a “rebound” effects, in which consumption returns to pre-intervention levels in response to both installation of energy saving technology (e.g., [29]) and behavioral interventions (e.g., [30]).”
From Electricity and Water Conservation on College and University Campuses in Response to National Competitions among Dormitories: Quantifying Relationships between Behavior, Conservation Strategies and Psychological Metrics (2015) · cites this paper as [30]
The Discussion reports that, when studies followed households after behavioral interventions, the positive effects often did not persist. It also says most studies lacked long-term monitoring, so whether energy use returned to baseline was unclear. The paper discusses a possible rebound effect in a different sense—savings being spent on energy-intensive products—rather than establishing that consumption often returned to pre-intervention levels. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe effectiveness of resource conservation programs is often assessed with no attempt to evaluate underlying psychological determinants.
“It has often been the case that the effectiveness of resource conservation programs is assessed with no attempt to evaluate underlying psychological determinants [30].”
A finer temporal resolution of feedback leads to larger reductions.
“The general observation that a finer temporal resolution of feedback leads to larger reductions is consistent with the findings of a number of other studies (e.g., [30]).”
Improved information does not generally lead to more sustainable consumption behavior.
“However, as the role of information in consumer choices has been well researched in various fields, it cannot be stated that improved information generally leads to more sustainable consumption behavior [113,114].”
From Digitalization and the Decoupling Debate: Can ICT Help to Reduce Environmental Impacts While the Economy Keeps Growing? (2020) · cites this paper as [113]
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- Authors
- Abrahamse, W., Steg, L., Vlek, C., & Rothengatter, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Abrahamse, Wokje
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 273-291
- ISSN
- 0272-4944 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2103599714
- Cited by
- 2,668
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 79 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 202 · 2020: 191 · 2019: 160 · 2018: 200 · 2017: 200 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 201 · 2014: 176 · 2013: 165 · 2012: 132
- FWCI
- 106.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Environmental Education and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Energy, Environment, and Transportation Policies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- residential energy conservation, energy consumption reduction, behavioral interventions, goal setting, commitment, information provision, modeling, feedback, reward, behavioral factors, knowledge and attitudes
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