The DOI matches its Crossref record; 102 of the 107 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The gateway belief model: A large-scale replication
Open accessOverview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In one experiment, Republicans received a message indicating that a clear majority of fellow Republicans agreed that the climate is changing and are taking action to combat climate change. These individuals — relative to those who did not receive this message — were more likely to report believing in climate change and to have climate-friendly intentions323,324.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [323]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the consensus messages in this study decreased ideological polarization by being more effective among conservatives than among liberals.”
From Factual belief polarization between Democrats and Republicans: source or epiphenomenon of ideological and affective polarization? (2024) · cites this paper as Van der Linden et al., 2019
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“another study, however, found that consensus messages effectively increased people's belief in global warming, as well as their support for climate action (Van der Linden et al., 2019).”
From Factual belief polarization between Democrats and Republicans: source or epiphenomenon of ideological and affective polarization? (2024) · cites this paper as Van der Linden et al., 2019
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations.
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.4.422 · Cited by 11,335
Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical Mediation Analysis in the New Millennium
Hayes, A. F. (2009) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637750903310360 · Cited by 9,757
The case for motivated reasoning.
Kunda, Z. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480 · Cited by 9,022
Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises
Nickerson, R. S. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175 · Cited by 7,267
(1999) · Cited by 6,104
Chaiken, S. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.39.5.752 · Cited by 5,516
Dual-Processing Accounts of Reasoning, Judgment, and Social Cognition
Evans, J. S. B. T. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629 · Cited by 5,137
A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment.
Deutsch, M., & Gerard, H. B. (1955) · The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0046408 · Cited by 4,819
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Panagopoulos, 2016, Consensus cues, issue salience and policy preferences: An experimental investigation, North American Journal of Psychology, 18, 405
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–267 of 267
van Beynen, J., & Williams, M. N. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/f3svr · Cited by 2
Mytych, J. (2024) · Quaestiones Geographicae · doi:10.14746/quageo-2024-0010 · Cited by 2
Ansah, P., Badullovich, N., Myers, T. A., Kotcher, J., Rosenthal, S. A., Leiserowitz, A., & Maibach, E. W. (2025) · npj Climate Action · doi:10.1038/s44168-025-00258-x · Cited by 11
Self-citationMapping the communication of science
Crupi, V., & Pérez‐González, S. (2025) · THEORIA An International Journal for Theory History and Foundations of Science · doi:10.1387/theoria.26291 · Cited by 1
Mapping climate belief profiles in Brazil: A cluster analysis of polarization and mistrust
Cardoso, N. D. O., de Oliveira, T. M., Massarani, L., Tagliapietra, K. D. R., Mendes, I. M., Fagundes, V. O., & Machado, W. D. L. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102885 · Cited by 1
Tam, K., Ohnuma, S., Fairbrother, M., & Chan, H. (2025) · PLOS Climate · doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000755 · Cited by 1
Barnfield, M., Szewach, P., Stöckli, S., Stoeckel, F., Thompson, J., Phillips, J. B., Lyons, B. A., Mérola, V., & Reifler, J. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2026.102901 · Cited by 2
Göbel, J. P., Buder, J., Ogiermann, M., Burkhardt, M., Forstner, A., Fischer, H., & Huff, M. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2026.102913 · Cited by 1
Yang, J., Hwang, H., & Vedlitz, A. (2026) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.70147 · Cited by 2
Beyond memory and experimenter demand: Scientific consensus messages correct misperceptions
Geiger, S. J., Većkalov, B., Bartos̆, F., Ruggeri, K., & van der Linden, S. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2026.103038 · Cited by 1
A Partisan and Polarized Issue in the United States
Palm, R. I., & Bolsen, T. (2020) · Coastal research library · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32602-9_3 · Cited by 1
Perception of Psychology Students on Cremation
Sumicad, R., Apostol, E. L., Gutang, S., Añana, S. M. V., Cañete, J. M. D., Cagay, J. V., & Echavez, R. R. (2023) · British Journal of Philosophy Sociology and History · doi:10.32996/pjpsh.2023.3.2..4 · Cited by 1
Faugère, C. (2025) · AI · doi:10.3390/ai6070147 · Cited by 2
Yurinanda, S., Multahadah, C., & Marisa, S. (2022) · EKSAKTA Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA · doi:10.24036/eksakta/vol23-iss01/290 · Cited by 1
Motivation and climate change: A reviewPreprint
Brick, C., Bosshard, A., & Whitmarsh, L. E. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gcw9b · Cited by 2
Vaccination intentions during COVID-19 emergency: Correlational research in Italy and SerbiaPreprint
di Napoli, F. (2022) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/y4zer · Cited by 1
Improving Measurement of Public Objective Knowledge About HazardsPreprint
Johnson, B. B. (2022) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/bd6ezm
Levy, N. L. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192895325.003.0007
Levy, N. L. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192895325.003.0006
Levy, N. L. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192895325.003.0003
Levy, N. L. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192895325.003.0002
Levy, N. L. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192895325.003.0004
Contemporary Challenges to Democracy
(2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108779104.025
Motta, M., & Benegal, S. D. (2022) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/v9egn
Some Reflections on (Corona) Truth WarsPreprint
Rice, K. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3950307
Zhou, J. (2022) · BCP Education & Psychology · doi:10.54691/bcpep.v4i.778
Do Statistical Rules Interfere with Political Beliefs?Preprint
Ghasemi, O., Roberts, A., & Handley, S. J. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/pkdgq
Kim, I. K. (2022) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.21220838
Preface: Rational Social Animals Go Wild
Levy, N. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192895325.002.0006
Levy, N. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192895325.002.0003
Populists are skeptical to expert advice but respond to better argumentsPreprint
Peresman, A., Larsen, L. T., Mazepus, H., & Petersen, M. B. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/g4wm2
Who is at risk of bias? Examining dispositional differences in motivated science receptionPreprint
Altenmüller, M. S., & Poppe, L. A. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gz5e2
Americans’ Views of Scientists’ Disputes: Why They Happen, How to Tell Which Side is CorrectPreprint
Johnson, B. B. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4734661
“Experts think…” The production and comprehension of propositional attitude generics
Haigh, M., Birch, H. A., & Clelland, H. T. (2024) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2024.2370924
What is the IPCC’s assessment style and what shaped it?
Târziu, G. (2024) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.18095.1
Klimmt, C., & Spreen, N. (2024) · Science communication · doi:10.1177/10755470241308532 · Cited by 1
Lim, I.-J., Hwang, A., & Keum, H. (2024) · Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies · doi:10.20879/kjjcs.2024.68.6.003
Fostering community discussion about climate with layers of life ice cream
Eiseman, D. L., & Johnson, L. M. (2025) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2025.107876
‘Presidential’ is in the ear of the beholder
Meader, A. P., & Hayes, M. W. (2025) · Journal of Language and Politics · doi:10.1075/jlp.24030.mea
Pati, A. K., Patnaik, J., Dash, S., Mohanty, T., & Tripathy, A. R. (2025) · International Conference on Ambient Intelligence in Health Care (ICAIHC) · doi:10.1109/icaihc64101.2025.10956697
Consumer decision-making in plant-based immunity-boosting products: A multi-method approach
Nair, R. G. (2025) · Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing · doi:10.1080/08974438.2025.2513366
Ulum, Ö. G., & Küçükaydın, M. A. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251346216
Translation, streaming and the Korean Film Archive
Evans, J. (2025) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003596196-6
Mental healthcare in the times of climate change action and data science
Sreevalsan‐Nair, J., Mundayatt, A., Gnanaraj, B., Thomas, A., Kumar, N., Sabhahit, G. G., Joshi, S., & Srikanth, T. K. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33044-5.00010-3 · Cited by 1
Debunking the Climate Sceptic and the Threat of Self‐Defeat
Mudry, L. (2025) · Journal of Applied Philosophy · doi:10.1111/japp.70049
Bruni, E., & Lefsrud, L. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198953067.003.0001
Asmi, F., Morrison, M., & Parton, K. A. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102859
The Bridge Between Research and Action: Social Psychology's Role in Advancing Climate Solutions
Swim, J. K., & Baker, Z. A. (2025) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.70102
Dryhurst, S., & Freeman, A. (2023) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.57874/jyfm-np04
van der Linden, S. (2025) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.120930
Self-citationAreia, N. P., & Tavares, A. O. (2025) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2025.104489
Vulnerability outpaces climate worry in US frontline communities
Carman, J., Goddard, E., Salgado, M., Rosenthal, S. A., Marlon, J. R., Barendregt-Ludwig, K., Verner, M., Kotcher, J., Maibach, E., & Leiserowitz, A. (2026) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2025.101599
Self-citationZhang, J., He, N., Jiang, J., & Xu, J. (2026) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/10755470251410872
Li, W., Lu, S., Zheng, X., Xu, S., & Lantigua, H. (2026) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/10755470261420148
Understanding misinformation and fighting for information
Altay, S. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/2e02b9cfz3b17z4c05za865zfcbe3a9fb6e4
Communicating expert consensus increases personal support for COVID-19 mitigation policiesPreprint
van der Linden, S., & Kerr, J. R. (2024) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Scientific consensus communication about contested science: A preregistered meta-analysisPreprint
Riet, J. V. ‘., Veling, H., Riet, J. V. '., Schaap, G., & Buijzen, M. (2026) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Consensus Messaging Shifts Beliefs About Climate Change in a Field Experiment
Rode, J. B., Clarke, C. E., & van der Linden, S. (2026) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/10755470261442409 · Cited by 1
Kravitz, B., Yoder, L., Nepal, S., Geiger, N., & Attari, S. Z. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18125933
When tradition burns: Misinterpreting prescribed fire across the science–society gap in Iberia
Navarro, L. (2026) · Ecological Solutions and Evidence · doi:10.1002/2688-8319.70276
Risk, values, and efficacy in climate policy participation: A European psychosocial analysis
Peyman Arjomandi, A., & Komendantova, N. (2026) · Environmental Development · doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2026.101549
A systematic review of the deficit model and call for empowerment toward informed publics
van Stekelenburg, A., Schaap, G., Veling, H., Buijzen, M., & Fransen, M. L. (2026) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1093/anncom/wlag043
What Beliefs Are Central in the Climate Change Belief System Network?
Nowlin, M. C. (2026) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.70202
Are Chinese scientists willing to engage with the public on genetically modified foods?
Guo, Y., de Barcellos, M. D., Nalley, L. L., & Steur, H. D. (2026) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/09636625261491174
Clark, H. R., & Gustafson, A. (2026) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00139165261497507
Metadata
- Authors
- van der Linden, S., Leiserowitz, A., & Maibach, E.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- George Mason University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-04
- Volume
- 62
- Pages
- 49-58
- ISSN
- 0272-4944 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2914105364
- Cited by
- 262
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 15
- FWCI
- 69.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change Communication and Perception
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Risk Perception and Management
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
- Keywords
- climate change attitudes, belief updating, political ideology, conservatives, replication
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
