Magnoflorine Prevent the Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Via Akt/mTOR/FoxO Signal Pathway and Increase Slow-MyHC Production in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance Tinospora cordifolia (TC) is being used as a blood purifier in Ayurveda since ancient time. It is a very popular immunomodulator and holds anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative potential, hence anti-aging properties. Therefore, it is also known as 'Amrita' in Ayurveda and is widely used to treat diabetes mellitus type II (T2DM) and its secondary complications; however, its underlying mechanism was not expedited to date. AIM-: To explore the in vivo therapeutic efficiency and mechanism of action of TC and its secondary constitute magnoflorine on the skeletal muscle atrophy in the rat model of T2DM.Method Animal model of T2DM was developed using streptozotocin (STZ) injection followed by intervention with TC, metformin, and magnoflorine for three weeks. Confirmation of T2DM and abrogation of atrophic markers and possible mechanisms on supplementation of TC and magnoflorine were explored using histology, bio-assays, Western blotting, and q-PCR.Result TC and Magnoflorine supplementations significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased the fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels in T2DM rats. Both treatments prevented the lean body, individual skeletal muscle mass, and myotubes diameter loss (p ≤ 0.05). Magnoflorine significantly reduced the degradation of the protein indicated by biochemical markers of atrophy i.e. decreased serum creatine kinase (CK) levels and increased myosin heavy chain-β (MyHC-β) levels in muscles. Q-PCR and western blotting supported the findings that magnoflorine significantly increased the mRNA and protein abundances (~3 fold) of MyHC-β.TC and magnoflorine efficiently decreased the expression of ubiquitin-proteasomal E3-ligases (Fn-14/TWEAK, MuRF1, and Atrogin 1), autophagy (Bcl-2/LC3B), and caspase related genes along with calpains activities in T2DM rats. Both TC and magnoflorine also increased the activity of superoxide dismutase, GSH-Px, decreased the activities of β-glucuronidase, LPO, and prevented any alteration in the catalase activity. In contrast, magnoflorine increased expression of TNF-α and IL-6 whereas TC and metformin efficiently decreased the levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines (p ≤ 0.05). However, magnoflorine was found to increase phosphorylation of Akt more efficiently than TC and metformin.Conclusion TC, and magnoflorine are found to be effective to control fasting blood glucose levels significantly in T2DM rats. It also promoted the Akt phosphorylation, suppressed autophagy and proteolysis that might be related to blood glucose-lowering efficacy of magnoflorine and TC. However, increased muscle weight, specifically of the soleus muscle, expression of IL-6, and slow MyHC indicated the increased myogenesis in response to magnoflorine and independent from its hypoglycemic activity.
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Magnoflorine significantly decreases the expression of MuRF1 and MAFbx via activating the Akt/mTOR/FoxO signaling pathway in skeletal muscle of diabetic Wistar rats.
“It also significantly decreases the expression of MuRF1 and MAFbx via activating the Akt/mTOR/FoxO signaling pathway in skeletal muscle of diabetic Wistar rats [133].”
From Nutraceuticals in the Prevention and Treatment of the Muscle Atrophy (2021) · cites this paper as [133]
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Alkaloids as Promising Agents for the Management of Insulin Resistance: A Review
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“MAG has been shown to help protect the cardiovascular system, regulate immune function, modulate antioxidant properties, reduce inflammation, and lower blood pressure [12,13].”
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“In addition, MNF has been found to effectively downregulate the expression of autophagy (Bcl-2/LC3B) in T2DM rats (17).”
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“Earlier findings showed that creatine kinase levels were elevated in diabetic rats [63].”
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“Furthermore, Mag can regulate skeletal muscle atrophy in diabetic rats [15].”
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Magnoflorine and its structural diversity: mechanisms, and drug discovery opportunities a review
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- Authors
- Yadav, A., Singh, A., Phogat, J., Dahuja, A., & Dabur, R.
- Affiliations
- Maharshi Dayanand University (IN)
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Dabur, Rajesh
- Venue
- Journal of Ethnopharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-03
- Volume
- 267
- Pages
- 113510
- ISSN
- 0378-8741 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3093673763
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Ethnopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- magnoflorine, Tinospora cordifolia, skeletal muscle atrophy, type 2 diabetes, streptozotocin-induced diabetes, beta-myosin heavy chain, ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy, oxidative stress, TNF-α, interleukin-6, fasting blood glucose, creatine kinase
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Aporphines, Autophagy, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Hypoglycemic Agents, Male, Muscular Atrophy, Phosphorylation, Streptozocin, Signal Transduction, Rats, Wistar, Oxidative Stress, Muscle, Skeletal, Inflammation Mediators, Myosin Heavy Chains, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, Rats, Forkhead Transcription Factors, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
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