Role of Myokines in Regulating Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function
Open accessAbstract
Loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength has recently become a hot research topic with the extension of life span and an increasingly sedentary lifestyle in modern society. Maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is considered an essential determinant of muscle strength and function. Myokines are cytokines synthesized and released by myocytes during muscular contractions. They are implicated in autocrine regulation of metabolism in the muscle as well as in the paracrine/endocrine regulation of other tissues and organs including adipose tissue, the liver, and the brain through their receptors. Till date, secretome analysis of human myocyte culture medium has revealed over 600 myokines. In this review article, we summarize our current knowledge of major identified and characterized myokines focusing on their biological activity and function, particularly in muscle mass and function.
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Irisin released from muscle promotes browning of WAT, increasing non-shivering thermogenesis and energy availability during exercise.
“Irisin released from muscle promotes the browning of WAT, thereby increasing non-shivering thermogenesis and energy availability during exercise”
From Exercise-Induced Muscle–Fat Crosstalk: Molecular Mediators and Their Pharmacological Modulation for the Maintenance of Metabolic Flexibility in Aging (2025) · cites this paper as [88]
The Irisin section (page unavailable) describes muscle FNDC5 driving brown fat-like development of white fat cells and increasing thermogenesis. It does not say that this increases energy availability during exercise, and it notes that an exercise-induced rise in circulating irisin is debated. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdiponectin secreted by adipose tissue enhances insulin sensitivity by activating AMPK signaling in skeletal muscle, promoting glucose uptake and increasing FA oxidation.
“In parallel, adiponectin secreted by adipose tissue enhances insulin sensitivity by activating AMPK signaling in skeletal muscle, thereby promoting glucose uptake and increasing FA oxidation”
From Exercise-Induced Muscle–Fat Crosstalk: Molecular Mediators and Their Pharmacological Modulation for the Maintenance of Metabolic Flexibility in Aging (2025) · cites this paper as [88]
The Myonectin (CTRP15) section describes AMPK-mediated glucose uptake and fatty-acid oxidation in rat skeletal myocytes, but attributes those effects to myonectin, not adiponectin. Searches for adiponectin and the claimed adipose-tissue mechanism found no passage in our copy that addresses the claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome myokines exert their effect within skeletal muscle itself and are involved in the regulation of muscle mass.
“Some myokines exert their effect within skeletal muscle itself and are involved in the regulation of muscle mass (14) (Fig. 1).”
From Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
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SPARC is up-regulated during skeletal muscle regeneration and inhibits myoblast differentiation.
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“Myogenesis Some myokines exert their effect within skeletal muscle itself and are involved in the regulation of muscle mass (14) (Fig.”
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“12,13 As more than 600 myokines have been identified to date, and the role of most of them remains unknown, 6 this review will focus on exercise-induced myokines with established effects on the human body, including interleukin 15 (IL-15), secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC),…”
BackgroundEffect of Various Exercise Regimens on Selected Exercise-Induced Cytokines in Healthy People
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“In parallel, adiponectin secreted by adipose tissue enhances insulin sensitivity by activating AMPK signaling in skeletal muscle, thereby promoting glucose uptake and increasing FA oxidation [88].”
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“%) within fast-twitch SM compared with wild-type littermates [55].”
- Authors
- Lee, J. H., & Jun, H.-S.
- Affiliations
- Gachon University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Jong Han
- Jun, Hee-Sook
- Venue
- Frontiers in Physiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-01-30
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 42-42
- ISSN
- 1664-042X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6363662
- OpenAlex
- W2908684623
- Cited by
- 432
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 17
- FWCI
- 4.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Physiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation
- Korea Health Industry Development Institute (HI14C1135)
- National Research Foundation of Korea (H I14C1135, 2017R1D1A1B03036210)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- myokines, skeletal muscle mass, muscle function, muscle strength, muscle atrophy, cytokines, paracrine signaling, autocrine regulation, muscle metabolism, adipose tissue, liver, brain
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