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Prevalence of anxiety disorders among children who stutter
Abstract
Purpose Stuttering during adulthood is associated with a heightened rate of anxiety disorders, especially social anxiety disorder. Given the early onset of both anxiety and stuttering, this comorbidity could be present among stuttering children.Method Participants were 75 stuttering children 7-12 years and 150 matched non-stuttering control children. Multinomial and binary logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios for anxiety disorders, and two-sample t-tests compared scores on measures of anxiety and psycho-social difficulties.Results Compared to non-stuttering controls, the stuttering group had six-fold increased odds for social anxiety disorder, seven-fold increased odds for subclinical generalized anxiety disorder, and four-fold increased odds for any anxiety disorder.Conclusion These results show that, as is the case during adulthood, stuttering during childhood is associated with a significantly heightened rate of anxiety disorders. Future research is needed to determine the impact of those disorders on speech treatment outcomes.
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“For example, Iverach et al. (2016) found that children who stutter were six times more likely to create social anxiety disorders compared to controls.”
From Speaking face-to-face with a virtual avatar to reduce anxiety in students who stutter: Tool development and pilot study results. (2026) · cites this paper as Iverach et al., 2016
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“37 Although there have been reports of effective Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents who stutter and have SAD, 38 there is insufficient research on SAD among adolescents who stutter.”
BackgroundThe experiences of adolescents who stutter: a scoping review
Alharbi, E., Hewat, S., Walters, J., & Unicomb, R. (2025) · Speech Language and Hearing · doi:10.1080/2050571x.2024.2429899 · Cited by 7
“…of AdWS are often recounted with younger children (Karahan Tığrak, Kulak Kayıkcı, Kirazlı, & Tığrak, 2021; Eggers, Millard, & Kelman, 2021; Iverach et al., 2016; Messenger, Packman, Onslow, Menzies, & O’Brian, 2015; Rocha et al., 2019) or adults who stutter (Carter et al., 2019; Klompas &…”
Developmental stuttering as a neurodiverse speech style
Mori, K. (2024) · Nippon Onkyo Gakkaishi/Acoustical science and technology/Nihon Onkyo Gakkaishi · doi:10.1250/ast.e24.37 · Cited by 6
Conversational speech of school-age children after syllable-timed speech treatment for stuttering
Brown, L., Wilson, L. S., Packman, A., Halaki, M., Andrews, C., O’Brian, S., Onslow, M., & Menzies, R. G. (2021) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1080/17549507.2021.1946152 · Cited by 6
“As reported earlier, Iverach et al. (2016) found that school-age children who stutter are at increased risk of developing social anxiety disorder and, hence, tend to avoid social interactions.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMillard, S. K., Murphy, S., Barton, G., Rixon, L., Shepstone, L., Sims, E. J., & Joffe, V. L. (2025) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106114 · Cited by 5
Using EMDR to Address Social Anxiety With Clients Who Stutter: Treatment Considerations
Huang, H., & Pfuetze, M. S. (2021) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-d-20-00035 · Cited by 5
“…(“I don’t want to go—people won’t like me”), self-doubt (“I’ll never finish explaining my point—they’ll misunderstand me”), and hopelessness (“I’ll never be successful because of my stutter,” “What’s the point of even trying to speak—it never comes out right”) (Iverach et al., 2016, pp. 969– 970).”
BackgroundInfluentialIlkhani, Z., Karimi, H., Farazi, M., O’Brian, S., & Onslow, M. (2021) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2021.106103 · Cited by 5
Self-citationHoff, S. E., & Unger, J. P. (2021) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2021_persp-21-00003 · Cited by 5
Cluttering in the Speech of Young Men With Fragile X Syndrome
Bangert, K. J., Scott, K. S., Adams, C., Kisenwether, J. S., Giuffre, L. A., Reed, J., Thurman, A. J., Abbeduto, L., & Klusek, J. (2022) · Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) · doi:10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00446 · Cited by 3
Risk of sleep problems in a clinical sample of children who stutter
do Couto, M. C. H., de Oliveira, C. M. C., Merlo, S., Briley, P. M., & Pinato, L. (2024) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.106036 · Cited by 6
Veerabhadrappa, R. C., Vanryckeghem, M., & Maruthy, S. (2021) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1080/17549507.2020.1862301 · Cited by 5
“Out of 100 CWS, 12 participants were diagnosed as having very mild, 22 mild, 42 moderate, 20 severe and 4 very severe stuttering.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPalin parent-child interaction therapy with children with autism spectrum disorder and stuttering
Preston, R., Halpin, M., Clarke, G., & Millard, S. K. (2022) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106217 · Cited by 6
How Simple Can a Treatment for Early Stuttering Be? A Proposed Two-Factor Early Intervention
Onslow, M., Hearne, A., Yu, K., O’Brian, S., Menzies, R. G., & Lowe, R. (2026) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2025_ajslp-25-00256 · Cited by 4
Self-citationAddo, E. K., Adjei, D. N., & Attah, D. A. (2025) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.70080 · Cited by 4
Adapting the Lidcombe Program for 6–12-year-olds: insights from a video telehealth trial
Johnson, G., Carey, B., Onslow, M., & Kefalianos, E. (2024) · Speech Language and Hearing · doi:10.1080/2050571x.2024.2391212 · Cited by 4
“The rate of anxiety and depression is far greater for these children compared to their peers (Bernard, Hofslund-sengen, & Frazier Norbury, 2022; Iverach et al., 2016).”
Self-citationA Mediation Model of Social Anxiety Development During Early Childhood Stuttering
Onslow, M., Dyer, B. P., Jones, M., Lowe, R., O’Brian, S., & Menzies, R. G. (2025) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2025_jslhr-24-00412 · Cited by 4
Self-citationFluência e compreensão da leitura em escolares com e sem gagueira
Pinto, J. S., Picoloto, L. A., Capellini, S. A., Palharini, T. A., & de Oliveira, C. M. C. (2021) · CoDAS · doi:10.1590/2317-1782/20202020059 · Cited by 4
“The literature shows the relevance of speech-language pathology intervention in stuttering in order to mitigate the impact of the disorder on the individual’s life, especially among students(1,5).”
BackgroundExperiences of violence at school from the stuttering patients’ perspective
Zamprogno, M. P., Mandrá, P. P., Gonçalves, T. C., & Jorge, T. M. (2020) · Revista CEFAC · doi:10.1590/1982-0216/20202266020 · Cited by 3
Farpour, S., Shafie, B., Menzies, R. G., & Karimi, H. (2025) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106099 · Cited by 4
Self-citationSocioecological Determinants of Speech Evaluation and Treatment Among Children Who Stutter
Briley, P. M., & Jacobs, M. (2025) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2024_ajslp-24-00483 · Cited by 3
Speech Fluency Disorders: A Review of Studies Conducted Over the Past Five Decades (1970-2020)
Qureshi, N. A., Aldossari, A. M., & Alhabeeb, A. A. (2021) · International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal · doi:10.9734/indj/2021/v15i130143 · Cited by 3
Singer, C. M., Kelly, E. M., White, A. Z., Zengin‐Bolatkale, H., & Jones, R. M. (2022) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2022_jslhr-22-00182 · Cited by 3
Ishida, O., & Iimura, D. (2021) · The Japan Journal of Logopedics and Phoniatrics · doi:10.5112/jjlp.62.334 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Iverach, L., Jones, M., McLellan, L. F., Lyneham, H. J., Menzies, R. G., Onslow, M., & Rapee, R. M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Macquarie University (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Iverach, Lisa
- Venue
- Journal of Fluency Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-09
- Volume
- 49
- Pages
- 13-28
- ISSN
- 0094-730X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2496231283
- Cited by
- 159
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 14.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Fluency Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Stuttering Research and Treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- stuttering, childhood stuttering, anxiety disorders, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, comorbidities, prevalence, children
- MeSH terms
- Phobia, Social, Anxiety Disorders, Australia, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Socioeconomic Factors, Stuttering, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Case-Control Studies
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