Anxiety and depression symptoms in children and adolescents who stutter: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Bernard, Ria; Hofslundsengen, Hilde; Frazier Norbury, Courtenay

doi:10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00236

Cited by 61Stuttering Research and TreatmentLanguage Development and DisordersAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Anxiety and depression symptoms in children and adolescents who stutter: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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Bernard, Ria, Hofslundsengen, Hilde, Frazier Norbury, Courtenay·2022·Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research

DOI 10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00236

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Abstract

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there are elevated symptoms of anxiety or depression in children and adolescents (aged 2-18 years) who stutter, and to identify potential moderators of increased symptom severity. METHOD: We conducted a preregistered systematic review of databases and gray literature; 13 articles met criteria for inclusion. A meta-analysis using robust variance estimation was conducted with 11 cohort studies comparing symptoms of anxiety in children and adolescents who do and do not stutter. Twenty-six effect sizes from 11 studies contributed to the summary effect size for anxiety symptoms (851 participants). Meta-analysis of depression outcomes was not possible due to the small number of studies. RESULTS: = 0.42) compared with nonstuttering peers. There were insufficient studies to robustly analyze depression symptoms, and qualitative review is provided. No significant between-groups differences were reported in any of the depression studies. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary evidence indicates elevated symptoms of anxiety in some children and adolescents who stutter relative to peers. There was a tendency toward higher depression scores in this population, although reported between-groups differences did not reach statistical significance. These findings require replication in larger, preferably longitudinal studies that consider factors that may moderate risk. Nevertheless, our findings highlight a need for careful monitoring of mental health and well-being in young people who stutter. Supplemental Materials: http://osf.io/5m6zv.

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Children who stutter are more likely to report heightened anxiety versus fluent peers.
“A large body of research has concluded that children who stutter are more likely to report heightened anxiety versus fluent peers (Bernard et al., 2022).”
From Speaking face-to-face with a virtual avatar to reduce anxiety in students who stutter: Tool development and pilot study results. (2026) · cites this paper as Bernard et al., 2022

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Anxiety & Depression symptoms in children and adolescents who stutter: A systematic review and meta-analysisPreprint
Bernard, R., Hofslundsengen, H. C., & Norbury, C. (n.d.) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Self-citation
Factors Associated With Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Children Who Stutter
Bernard, R., & Norbury, C. (2023) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2022_lshss-22-00086 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
Investigating risk for elevated anxiety and depression \nsymptoms in children who stutter relative to non-stuttering peers
Bernard, R. (2023) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Self-citation
The effect of stuttering on symptoms of depression and social anxiety in adolescents.
Sizer, E., & Sızer, B. (2023) · PubMed · doi:10.26355/eurrev_202304_32099 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Comparing anxiety and depression symptoms in children who do and do not stammerPreprint
Bernard, R., Griffiths, S., & Norbury, C. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jkud9
Self-citation

Authors: Bernard, R., Hofslundsengen, H., & Frazier Norbury, C.
Affiliations: University College London (GB)
Western Norway University of Applied Sciences (NO)
Language and Cognition, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
ORCID: Bernard, Ria
Hofslundsengen, Hilde
Frazier Norbury, Courtenay
Venue: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
Publisher: American Speech Language Hearing Association
Published: 2022-02-09
Volume: 65
Issue: 2
Pages: 624-644
ISSN: 1092-4388 (ISSN-L)
1558-9102
DOI: 10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00236
OpenAlex: W4210401531
Cited by: 61
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 3
FWCI: 1.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Stuttering Research and Treatment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: stuttering, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, children, adolescents, mental health
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Depression, Humans, Stuttering

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Anxiety and depression symptoms in children and adolescents who stutter: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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