Maintenance of social anxiety in stuttering: a cognitive-behavioral model

Iverach, Lisa; Rapee, Ronald M.; Wong, Quincy J. J.; Lowe, Robyn

doi:10.1044/2016_ajslp-16-0033

Cited by 80Stuttering Research and TreatmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesCommunication in Education and Healthcare

Maintenance of social anxiety in stuttering: a cognitive-behavioral model

Iverach, Lisa, Rapee, Ronald M., Wong, Quincy J. J., Lowe, Robyn·2017·American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology

DOI 10.1044/2016_ajslp-16-0033

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Abstract

Purpose: Stuttering is a speech disorder frequently accompanied by anxiety in social-evaluative situations. A growing body of research has confirmed a significant rate of social anxiety disorder among adults who stutter. Social anxiety disorder is a chronic and disabling anxiety disorder associated with substantial life impairment. Several influential models have described cognitive-behavioral factors that contribute to the maintenance of social anxiety in nonstuttering populations. The purpose of the present article is to apply these leading models to the experience of social anxiety for people who stutter. Method: Components from existing models were applied to stuttering in order to determine cognitive-behavioral processes that occur before, during, and after social-evaluative situations, which may increase the likelihood of stuttering-related social fears persisting. Results: Maintenance of social anxiety in stuttering may be influenced by a host of interrelated factors, including fear of negative evaluation, negative social-evaluative cognitions, attentional biases, self-focused attention, safety behaviors, and anticipatory and postevent processing. Conclusion: Given the chronic nature of social anxiety disorder, identifying factors that contribute to the persistence of stuttering-related social fears has the potential to inform clinical practice and the development of psychological treatment programs to address the speech and psychological needs of people who stutter with social anxiety.

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Self-citation
Emotional and physiological responses of fluent listeners while watching the speech of adults who stutter
Guntupalli, V. K., Everhart, D. E., Kalinowski, J. S., Nanjundeswaran, C., & Saltuklaroglu, T. (2007) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/10610270600850036 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
A Cognitive Model of Social Phobia: Applicability in a Large Adolescent Sample
Schreiber, F., Höfling, V., Stangier, U., Bohn, C., & Steil, R. (2012) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2012.5.3.341 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Attitudes toward stuttering of nonstuttering preschool and kindergarten children: A comparison using a standard instrument prototype
Weidner, M. E., Louis, K. O. S., Burgess, M. E., & LeMasters, S. N. (2015) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2015.03.003 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Online CBT II: A Phase I trial of a standalone, online CBT treatment program for social anxiety in stuttering
Helgadóttir, F. D., Menzies, R. G., Onslow, M., Packman, A., & O'Brian, S. (2009) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1375/bech.26.4.254 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Anxiety and speaking in people who stutter: An investigation using the emotional Stroop task
Hennessey, N. W., Dourado, E., & Beilby, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.11.001 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A Review of Scales to Measure Social Anxiety Disorder in Clinical and Epidemiological Studies
Wong, Q. J. J., Gregory, B., & McLellan, L. F. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0677-2 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
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A Brief Version of the Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs About Stuttering Scales: The UTBAS-6
Iverach, L., Heard, R., Menzies, R., Lowe, R., O'Brian, S., Packman, A., & Onslow, M. (2016) · Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-15-0167 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citation
Listener responses according to stuttering self-acknowledgment and modification
Lee, K., & Manning, W. H. (2010) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2010.04.001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
International Phase II clinical trial of CBTPsych: A standalone Internet social anxiety treatment for adults who stutter.
Menzies, R., O'Brian, S., Lowe, R., Packman, A., & Onslow, M. (2016) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2016.06.002 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
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Mental representation of observable attributes in people with social phobia
Rapee, R. M., & Abbott, M. J. (2005) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.01.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
A genetic linkage study in Brazil identifies a new locus for persistent developmental stuttering on chromosome 10
Domingues, C. E. F., Olivera, C. M. C., de Oliveira, B. V., Juste, F. S., de Andrade, C. R. F., Giacheti, C. M., Moretti‐Ferreira, D., & Drayna, D. T. (2014) · Genetics and Molecular Research · doi:10.4238/2014.march.24.13 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Social Phobia
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Looking at stuttering through the lens of complexity
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Clinical psychology and neurological disability: Psychological therapies for stuttering
Craig, A. R. (2003) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284200410001707543 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Culture and listeners’ gaze responses to stuttering
Zhang, J., & Kalinowski, J. S. (2012) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1460-6984.2012.00152.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Elementary school students’ perceptions of stuttering: A mixed model approach
Panico, J., Healey, E. C., & Knopik, J. (2015) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2015.06.001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Recurrent involuntary imagery in people who stutter and people who do not stutter
Tudor, H., Davis, S., Brewin, C. R., & Howell, P. (2013) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.06.003 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Safety behaviors and speech treatment for adults who stutter.
Helgadottir, F., Menzies, R., Onslow, M., Packman, A., & O'Brian, S. (2014) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2014_jslhr-s-13-0041 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The etiology of social anxiety disorder in adolescents and young adults.
Higa-McMillan, C. K., & Ebesutani, C. K. (2011) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12315-002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Observer perspective imagery with stuttering
Lowe, R., Menzies, R. G., Packman, A., O’Brian, S., & Onslow, M. (2015) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.3109/17549507.2015.1010580 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
Measurement of the sound-based word avoidance of persons who stutter
Martens, C. F., & Engel, D. C. (1986) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/0094-730x(86)90011-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
An Overview of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Strategies for Stuttering
Kawai, N. (2010) · The Japan Journal of Logopedics and Phoniatrics · doi:10.5112/jjlp.51.269 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Corrigendum to “Social anxiety and fear of negative evaluation: Construct validity of the BFNE-II” [Journal of Anxiety Disorders 21(1) (2007) 131–141]
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Comparison of adults who stutter with and without social anxiety disorder
Iverach, L., Jones, M., Lowe, R., O’Brian, S., Menzies, R. G., Packman, A., & Onslow, M. (2018) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.03.001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citation
Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy, and Social Support as Predictors of Communicative Participation in Adults Who Stutter
Boyle, M., Beita-Ell, C., Milewski, K. M., & Fearon, A. N. (2018) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-17-0443 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Stuttering interventions for children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review as a part of clinical guidelines
Laiho, A., Elovaara, H., Kaisamatti, K., Luhtalampi, K., Talaskivi, L., Pohja, S., Routamo-Jaatela, K., & Vuorio, E. (2022) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106242 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Understanding the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering Can Improve Stuttering Therapy
Tichenor, S. E., Herring, C., & Yaruss, J. S. (2022) · Topics in Language Disorders · doi:10.1097/tld.0000000000000272 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Virtual reality exposure therapy for treating social anxiety: a scoping review of treatment designs and adaptation to stuttering
Chard, I., & van Zalk, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.842460 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Behavioral, Emotional, and Social Well-Being in Children Who Stutter: Evidence from the National Health Interview Survey
Briley, P. M., O'Brien, K. F., & Ellis, C. (2018) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-018-9625-x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Impact of cognitive behavioural play therapy on social anxiety among school children with stuttering deficit
Obiweluozo, P. E., Ede, M. O., Onwurah, C. N., Uzodinma, U. E., Dike, I. C., & Ejiofor, J. N. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000024350 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder in people who stutter: An exploratory multiple baseline design
Scheurich, J. A., Beidel, D. C., & Vanryckeghem, M. (2018) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.12.001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The Role of Attention in Therapy for Children and Adolescents Who Stutter: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Interventions
Harley, J. (2018) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2018_ajslp-odc11-17-0196 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The Most Important Therapy Outcomes for School-Aged Children Who Stutter: An Exploratory Study
Cooke, K., & Millard, S. K. (2018) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2018_ajslp-odc11-17-0195 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Cognitive Behavioural Play Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorders (SADs) in Children with Speech Impairments
Egbe, C. I., Ugwuanyi, L. T., Ede, M. O., Agbigwe, I. B., Onuorah, A. R., Okon, O. E., & Ugwu, J. C. (2022) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-022-00442-6 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Localization of stuttering based on causal brain lesions
Theys, C., Jaakkola, E., Melzer, T. R., Nil, L. F. D., Guenther, F. H., Cohen, A. L., Fox, M., & Joutsa, J. (2024) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awae059 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Temperament, anxiety, and depression in school-age children who stutter
Eggers, K., Millard, S. K., & Kelman, E. (2022) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106218 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Unveiling the needs of students who stutter in the language skills - a study on anxiety and stuttering in EFL learning
Pastor, M. D. G., & Miller, R. (2019) · European Journal of Special Needs Education · doi:10.1080/08856257.2019.1581400 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Social Anxiety, Fear of Negative Evaluation, and Distress in a Virtual Reality Environment
Sigurvinsdóttir, R., Ragnarsdóttir, K. S., Kristinsdóttir, K., Hálfdánarson, S. G., Jóhannsdóttir, K. R., Vilhjálmsson, H. H., & Valdimarsdottir, H. B. (2021) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2021.4 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Issues in Assessment of Children Who Stutter: A Survey of Speech-Language Pathologists in the State of North Carolina
Briley, P. M. (2018) · Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders · doi:10.21849/cacd.2018.00353 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Attentional Bias Among Adolescents Who Stutter: Evidence for a Vigilance–Avoidance Effect
Rodgers, N. H., Lau, J. Y. F., & Zebrowski, P. M. (2020) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00090 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Relative deprivation and social anxiety among Chinese migrant children: Testing a moderated mediation model of perceived control and belief in a just world
Xiong, M., Chen, J., & Johnson, W. (2021) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053211059388 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Virtual reality exposure therapy for reducing social anxiety in stuttering: A randomized controlled pilot trial
Chard, I., Zalk, N. V., & Picinali, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2023.1061323 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
How relative deprivation affects the sleep quality of Chinese college students: testing an integrated model of social anxiety and trait mindfulness
Xiong, M., Chen, J., & Ye, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1111845 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The core source of social anxiety is the negative evaluation of oneself; therefore, the negative evaluation caused by relative deprivation is influenced by social anxiety (Iverach et al., 2017).”
Background
Temperament in Adults Who Stutter and Its Association With Stuttering Frequency and Quality-of-Life Impacts
Lucey, J., Evans, D., & Maxfield, N. D. (2019) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-18-0225 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Repetitive Negative Thinking in Adolescents Who Stutter
Tichenor, S. E., Gerwin, K. L., & Walsh, B. M. (2023) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00147 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Factors Associated With Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Children Who Stutter
Bernard, R., & Norbury, C. (2023) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2022_lshss-22-00086 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Autonomic Nervous System Response to Speech Production in Stuttering and Normally Fluent Preschool-Age Children
Tumanova, V., & Backes, N. (2019) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-19-0121 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Relationship between social anxiety and coping profile in adults who stutter
Tomisato, S., Yada, Y., & Wasano, K. (2021) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2021.106167 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Virtual reality exposure therapy for reducing social anxiety associated with stuttering: the role of outcome expectancy, therapeutic alliance, presence and social presence
Chard, I., Zalk, N. V., & Picinali, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2023.1159549 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Clinical and Psychosocial Predictors of Post-Event Processing in Adults Who Stutter
Croft, R. L., & Byrd, C. T. (2023) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00245 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Role of Behavioral Inhibition for Conversational Speech and Language Characteristics of Preschool-Age Children Who Stutter
Tumanova, V., Woods, C., & Razza, R. A. (2020) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2019_ajslp-19-00026 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Disfemia y ansiedad en el aprendizaje de inglés como lengua extranjera | Stuttering and anxiety in English as a foreign language learning
Pastor, M. D. G., & Miller, R. (2019) · Revista Española de Discapacidad · doi:10.5569/2340-5104.07.01.05 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Adult stuttering prevalence II: Recalculation, subgrouping and estimate of stuttering community engagement
Gattie, M., Lieven, E., & Kluk, K. (2024) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2024.106086 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Emotion processing in children who do and do not stutter: An ERP study of electrocortical reactivity and regulation to peer facial expressions
Usler, E. R., & Weber, C. (2020) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105802 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Situational Embarrassment and Its Relationship to Social Anxiety in Adults Who Stutter
Tran, Y., Blumgart, E., & Craig, A. R. (2021) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00158 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Examining the Effects of Stuttering and Social Anxiety on Interpretations of Ambiguous Social Scenarios Among Adolescents
Rodgers, N. H., Lau, J. Y. F., & Zebrowski, P. M. (2021) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2021.106179 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Stuttering severity and social anxiety among adults who stutter: A multilevel analysis
Lei, X., Nguyen‐Feng, V. N., & Sasisekaran, J. (2024) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2024.106088 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Anxiety, Social Phobia, Depression, and Suicide among People Who Stutter; A Review Study
Rezaeian, M., Akbari, M., Shirpoor, A. H., moghadasi, Z., zadeh, N. C., Nikdel, Z., & Hejri, M. (2020) · Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology · doi:10.29252/johe.9.2.98 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sleep Problems, Social Anxiety and Stuttering Severity in Adults Who Do and Adults Who Do Not Stutter
Mohammadi, H., Maazinezhad, S., Lorestani, E., Zakiei, A., Dürsteler, K. M., Brühl, A., Sadeghi-Bahmani, D., & Brand, S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12010161 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Validity and reliability of safety behaviors questionnaire for Persian adults who stutter: A cultural perspective
Azarinfar, M., Karimi, H., Jowkar, F., & Shafiei, B. (2022) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106251 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Weak Vestibular Response in Persistent Developmental Stuttering
Gattie, M., Lieven, E., & Kluk, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2021.662127 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Adult stuttering prevalence I: Systematic review and identification of stuttering in large populations
Gattie, M., Lieven, E., & Kluk, K. (2024) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2024.106085 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The mechanism of body appreciation influencing social anxiety in college students: A moderated mediation model
Zhu, J., Jiang, Z., Li, Y., Cai, Y., & Chen, J. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104884 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mental Health Practitioners’ Understanding of Speech Pathology in a Regional Australian Community
Janes, T. L., Signal, T. D., & Zupan, B. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9111485 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cognitive processing biases of social anxiety in adults who do and do not stutter
Swift, M. C., Depasquale, M., & Chen, J. (2024) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2024.106472 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Using EMDR to Address Social Anxiety With Clients Who Stutter: Treatment Considerations
Huang, H., & Pfuetze, M. S. (2021) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-d-20-00035 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ecological Intervention for Stuttering in School-Age Children: A Collaborative Approach for School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists and Mental Health Providers
Hoff, S. E., & Unger, J. P. (2021) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2021_persp-21-00003 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Psychedelics in developmental stuttering to modulate brain functioning: a new therapeutic perspective?
Pasculli, G., Busan, P., Jackson, E. S., Alm, P. A., Gregorio, D. D., Maguire, G. A., Goodwin, G. M., Gobbi, G., Erritzøe, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1402549 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Mediation Model of Social Anxiety Development During Early Childhood Stuttering
Onslow, M., Dyer, B. P., Jones, M., Lowe, R., O’Brian, S., & Menzies, R. G. (2025) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2025_jslhr-24-00412 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
The perceived impact of fluency on personalities of adults who stutter: implicit evidence of self-stigma
Hedinger, T., Eskridge, K., Porter, E., Hudock, D., & Saltuklaroglu, T. (2020) · Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology · doi:10.1080/14015439.2020.1833982 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A novel non-word speech preparation task to increase stuttering frequency in experimental settings for longitudinal research
Irani, F., Mock, J. R., Myers, J. C., Johnson, J., & Golob, E. J. (2023) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2023.106353 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Jordanian healthcare workers’ attitudes toward stuttering and people who stutter
Al-Shdifat, K. G., Fuda, S. M., & Alwidyan, M. (2025) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106125 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Validity and utility of the Japanese version of the brief unhelpful thoughts and beliefs about stuttering scale: UTBAS-6-J
Tomisato, S., Yada, Y., Wasano, K., Kono, T., & Ozawa, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1382673 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Empowering stuttering female English learners: AI vs. human-AI hybrid tutoring for alleviating social anxiety
Mahmoudi-Dehaki, M., & Nasr-Esfahani, N. (2025) · Journal of Responsible Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jrt.2025.100141 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Counting fast or slow, aloud or silently? A comparison of adult stutterers and non-stutterers
Plamondon, M., & Grondin, S. (2020) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-020-00955-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Using Exposure Therapy to Treat People Who Stutter: A Multiple Baseline Design
Scheurich, J. A. (2017) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Peer Bullying and Self-Esteem in Turkish School-Age Children Who Stutter
Tonkaz, G. Y., Demirdöğen, E. Y., Çakır, A., & Kocaman, S. (2025) · Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.35440/hutfd.1597011 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Comparing the Anxiety Types of Children with and without Stuttering Through a Self-Report Method: A Descriptive Study
ERİM, A., & Uysal, A. A. (2022) · Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.5336/healthsci.2022-90443 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Examining the Latent Dimensions of Social Anxiety Disorder
Mordeno, I. G., Bigcas, J. D., & Mordeno, E. R. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231156815 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Provision of Maintenance Therapy for People Who Stutter Via Telepractice
Briley, P. M., Brownlow, C., & Ellis, C. (2023) · Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders · doi:10.21849/cacd.2021.00332 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
"Mä koen vähän ehkä itteni alempiarvoisemmaksi": Nuorten aikuisten kokemuksia kehityksellisestä änkytyksestä
Penttilä, N., Rauhala, E., & Lintula, L. (2023) · Puhe ja kieli · doi:10.23997/pk.131259 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Examining the Relationship Between Negative Thoughts and Beliefs and Stuttering Frequency in Adults Who Stutter: A Descriptive Research
Temiz, G., & ÖZDEMİR, R. S. (2024) · Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.5336/healthsci.2023-99130 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ätiologie und Pathophysiologie des Stotterns
Natke, U., & Kohmäscher, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60942-2_10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Unterschiede zwischen stotternden und nichtstotternden Personen
Natke, U., & Kohmäscher, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60942-2_9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Situational factors influencing social anxiety in treatment-seeking adults who stutter: An exploratory factor analysisPreprint
Haitani, T., Sakai, N., Mori, K., & Houjou, T. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/h3957 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
تقـدیر الــذات وعـلاقتــه بالتحصــیل الــدراســی لدى طلبة المرحلة الجامعیة ذوی اضطرابات الکلام Self-Esteem and its Relationship to Academic Achievement among Undergraduate Students with Speech Disorders
الــدوایـــدة, أ., & المغـذوی, ر. (2020) · مجلة التربية الخاصة والتأهيل · doi:10.21608/sero.2020.91247
Weak Vestibular Response in Persistent Developmental Stuttering: Implications for Own Voice IdentificationPreprint
Gattie, M., Lieven, E., & Kluk, K. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.396283
The Relationship between Autism Spectrum Disorder Tendency or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Tendency and Social Anxiety in Adult Patients with Stuttering
Yoshizawa, K., Ishizaka, I., Yasuda, N., Fukuda, M., Yukimoto, Y., Hata, W., Higashikawa, M., & Hara, Y. (2021) · The Japan Journal of Logopedics and Phoniatrics · doi:10.5112/jjlp.62.24
Assessment of interpersonal anxiety in stutters
Ilić-Savić, I., & Petrović-Lazić, M. (2021) · Psiholoska istrazivanja · doi:10.5937/psistra24-30565
Factors predicting satisfaction with communication in daily lives of adults who stutter: An experience sampling studyPreprint
Haitani, T., Sakai, N., & Mori, K. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4sc5t
Rodgers, Lau, & Zebrowski (preprint) - "Examining the effects of stuttering and social anxiety on interpretations of ambiguous social scenarios among adolescents"Preprint
Rodgers, N. H. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/n826m
تعديل التحيزات المعرفية كمدخل لخفض اضطراب القلق الاجتماعي لدى المراهقين المتلعثمين
على, و. ر. م. (2022) · Mağallaẗ Al-ʿ ulūm Al-Mutaqadimah Lil-Ṣiḥaẗ Al-Nafssiyyaẗ Wa Al-Tarbiyyaẗ Al-H̲āṣaẗ · doi:10.21608/jasps.2022.283094
Tratamiento psicológico de la tartamudez crónica: estudio descriptivo de cinco casos clínicos
Ruíz, A. S. (2023) · Revista de Logopedia Foniatría y Audiología · doi:10.1016/j.rlfa.2022.12.001
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Speech and Anxiety Management With Persistent Stuttering: Current Status and Essential Research.
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Self-citation

Authors: Iverach, L., Rapee, R. M., Wong, Q. J. J., & Lowe, R.
Affiliations: The University of Sydney (AU)
Macquarie University (AU)
ORCID: Iverach, Lisa
Rapee, Ronald M.
Wong, Quincy J. J.
Lowe, Robyn
Venue: American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
Publisher: American Speech Language Hearing Association
Published: 2017-05-17
Volume: 26
Issue: 2
Pages: 540-556
ISSN: 1058-0360 (ISSN-L)
1558-9110
DOI: 10.1044/2016_ajslp-16-0033
OpenAlex: W2598300434
Semantic Scholar: fcca76449b9148ce26ad3a91c10427606210504c
Cited by: 80
References: 120
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 0.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Stuttering Research and Treatment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Communication in Education and Healthcare
Keywords: stuttering, social anxiety disorder, anxiety maintenance, cognitive-behavioral model, fear of negative evaluation, attentional bias, self-focus, safety behavior, anticipatory processing
MeSH terms: Phobia, Social, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Culture, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Models, Psychological, Peer Group, Risk Factors, Psychological Distance, Stuttering, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Self Efficacy, Young Adult, Anticipation, Psychological

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Maintenance of social anxiety in stuttering: a cognitive-behavioral model

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