Cited by 121Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchEnvironmental Chemistry and AnalysisPharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts

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Side-chain fluorinated polymer surfactants in biosolids from wastewater treatment plants

Letcher, Robert J., Chu, Shaogang, Smyth, Shirley-Anne·2020·Journal of Hazardous Materials

DOI 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122044

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Abstract

High concentrations of the main components in Scotchgard™ fabric protector products (pre-2002 and post-2002; side-chain fluorinated polymer surfactants, S1 and S2, respectively) were detected in biosolids samples from twenty pan-Canadian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Based on mass spectrometric analysis, S1 and S2 can be named as side-chain perfluorooctane sulfonamide-urethane polymer and side-chain perfluorobutane sulfonamide-urethane polymer, respectively. S1 (with C 8 F 17 side-chain) concentrations ranged from 1.08-105 ng/g d.w. and S2 (with C 4 F 9 side-chain) concentrations ranged from 37.5-2051 ng/g d.w., which were much higher than that of other commonly monitored perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). S1 and S2 concentrations were significantly correlated (p < 0.001; r 2 = 0.6142) indicating similar source origins. A negative linear correlation was observed (p < 0.05) between concentrations of S1 (or S2) with the volume of WWTP treated wastewater per day per person (m 3/person/day). The total concentration of 22 other PFAS ranged from 4.93 to 92.6 ng/g d.w., and approximately thirty times lower than S1 and S2 concentrations. The calculated elemental fluorine concentrations of ƩF S1&S2 were generally much higher than the sum of the other PFAS. PFAS concentrations in biosolids are likely underestimated without consideration of S1 and S2.

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Authors: Letcher, R. J., Chu, S., & Smyth, S.-A.
Affiliations: Environment and Climate Change Canada (CA)
Corresponding author: Letcher, Robert J.
ORCID: Letcher, Robert J.
Chu, Shaogang
Smyth, Shirley-Anne
Venue: Journal of Hazardous Materials
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-04
Volume: 388
Pages: 122044
ISSN: 0304-3894 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122044
OpenAlex: W2999485676
Cited by: 121
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7
FWCI: 4.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Hazardous Materials (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division (Environment and Climate Change Canada
ECCC’s Chemicals Management Plan
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Environmental Chemistry and Analysis
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Keywords: biosolids, wastewater treatment plants, perfluorinated compounds, PFAS contamination, elemental fluorine, source apportionment
MeSH terms: Biosolids, Canada, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbon Polymers, Surface-Active Agents, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Purification, Wastewater

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Side-chain fluorinated polymer surfactants in biosolids from wastewater treatment plants

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