Reproductive Toxicity of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic fluorinated compounds known for their persistence in the environment and widespread presence in consumer products. Human exposure occurs through multiple routes, leading to bioaccumulation in various tissues and significant health concerns, particularly reproductive toxicity. This review critically examines the reproductive effects of both long- and short-chain PFAS and explores the mechanisms underlying their toxicity. PFAS have been shown to downregulate key genes involved in steroidogenesis, including steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP11A1, CYP17A1), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Additionally, PFAS exert direct toxic effects on developing spermatogonia and oocytes, impairing reproductive function. While most research has focused on long-chain PFAS, this review highlights that short-chain PFAS pose comparable risks, necessitating further investigation. The ability to biodegrade PFAS has been demonstrated, offering a potential approach to mitigate tissue accumulation and reduce associated health risks. However, gaps remain in our understanding of PFAS mechanisms, with conflicting evidence across different compounds and study models. Standardized methodologies and long-term human studies are essential to fully elucidate the chronic effects of PFAS exposure and develop effective mitigation strategies.
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PFASs suppress expression of critical genes involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis (StAR, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, 3β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases).
“Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances have been found to suppress the expression of critical genes involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis, such as the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, several cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP11A1, CYP17A1), and 3β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.”
From Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Healthcare: Environmental and Clinical Insights (2025) · cites this paper as [90]
PFASs can directly damage developing germ cells-including spermatogonia and oocytes-potentially compromising reproductive capacity.
“Furthermore, PFASs can directly damage developing germ cells—including spermatogonia and oocytes—thereby potentially compromising reproductive capacity [90].”
From Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Healthcare: Environmental and Clinical Insights (2025) · cites this paper as [90]
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Self-citationPerfluoro- and Polyfluoroalkanes (PFAS) in Cosmetics—A Short Review
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- Authors
- Ajana, R., Rachoń, D., & Gałęzowska, G.
- Affiliations
- Gdańsk Medical University (PL)
- Gdańsk University of Technology (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Gałęzowska, Grażyna
- Venue
- Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-08
- Volume
- 117
- Pages
- 104740
- ISSN
- 1382-6689 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4410979818
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 6
- FWCI
- 1.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical University of Gdansk (01-65024)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, reproductive toxicity, steroidogenesis, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cytochrome P450, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, spermatogonia, oocyte toxicity, short-chain PFAS, long-chain PFAS, bioaccumulation, human exposure
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Reproduction
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