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Effects of Process Parameters on Sulfur Migration and H2S Generation during Supercritical Water Gasification of Sludge
Abstract
The generation of sulfur-containing pollution products affects the quality of biofuels obtained from the supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of sludge. This study investigates the effects of the gasification temperature, moisture content, and reaction atmosphere on the evolution of sulfur-containing compounds. The results showed that temperature was the key parameter causing the migration of sulfur from sludge to biogas and liquid products. The sludge decomposition reaction was dominated by ionic reactions at 360 °C, while the decomposition of organic matter was converted to free radical reactions as the temperature increased from 380 °C to 440 °C. The mercaptan and thioether contents of the bio-oil decreased to 0.3% at 440 °C. Correspondingly, the concentration of H 2 S increased from 6.7 ppm to 38.0 ppm. The decomposition of organic sulfur with an unstable structure (S-H bond and S-C bond) was the main cause of the increase in the content of H 2 S. Additionally, the solubility and oxidation properties of supercritical water were extremely strong. Some sulfur-containing organic compounds were converted into SO 4 2- via hydrolysis and oxidation reactions, forming sulfate crystals with heavy metals in the bio-char, which aided in achieving the synergistic immobilization of sulfur and heavy metals.
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Lin et al. studied the sulfur migration of sludge in SCWG as temperature increased from 380 °C to 440 °C.
“Lin et al. [34] studied the sulfur migration of sludge in SCWG as temperature increased from 380 ◦C to 440 ◦C.”
From Sulfur transformation mechanism during supercritical water gasification of black liquor (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
Current researches on sulfur transformation of different materials in SCWG were studied at relatively lower temperature range.
“Third, the current researches on sulfur transformation of different materials in SCWG were studied at relatively lower temperature range.”
From Sulfur transformation mechanism during supercritical water gasification of black liquor (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
There were differences existing in the sulfurous gases production during SCWG process.
“Finally, there were differences existing in the sulfurous gases production during SCWG process.”
From Sulfur transformation mechanism during supercritical water gasification of black liquor (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
The sulfur transformation pathway and mechanism of crude oil, coal, and sludge in SCWG have been studied by analyzing the sulfur forms in solid, liquid and gaseous products.
“The sulfur transformation pathway and mechanism of crude oil [32], coal [30,33], and sludge [34,35] in SCWG have been studied by analyzing the sulfur forms in solid, liquid and gaseous products.”
From Sulfur transformation mechanism during supercritical water gasification of black liquor (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
Some researchers concluded that there were COS, CH3SH and CH3SCH3 in gaseous products during the SCWG of coal and sludge.
“Different from them, some researchers concluded that there were COS, CH3SH and CH3SCH3 in gaseous products during the SCWG of coal [33] and sludge [34].”
From Sulfur transformation mechanism during supercritical water gasification of black liquor (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
SO2 was not detected in gaseous products.
“SO2 were not detected in gaseous products, which was consistent with the works of researchers [30,33,34].”
From Sulfur transformation mechanism during supercritical water gasification of black liquor (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
S-S, C-S and S-H bonds in organic sulfur compounds have relatively low energies, so these unstable sulfur-containing bonds were easy to break in SCWG, producing small molecules of sulfurous gases (CH3SCH3, CH3SH and H2S).
“As the energies of S–S, C–S and S–H in organic sulfur compounds were relatively low, these unstable sulfur− containing bonds were easy to break in SCWG, and small molecules of sulfurous gases (CH3SCH3, CH3SH and H2S) were produced [34].”
From Sulfur transformation mechanism during supercritical water gasification of black liquor (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
The C-S bond of thiol and thioether could be broken by H2.
“The C–S bond of thiol and thioether could be broken by H2, and the reaction could be described by equation (12)–(13) [34,52].”
From Sulfur transformation mechanism during supercritical water gasification of black liquor (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
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Sulfur transformation mechanism during supercritical water gasification of black liquor
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lin, J., Liao, Q., Hu, Y., Ma, R., Cui, C., Sun, S., & Liu, X.
- Affiliations
- Harbin Institute of Technology (CN)
- Shenzhen University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Cui, Chongwei
- Sun, Shichang
- Venue
- Journal of Hazardous Materials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-02
- Volume
- 403
- Pages
- 123678
- ISSN
- 0304-3894 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3049756032
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 2.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Hazardous Materials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Science and Technology Planning Project of Shenzhen Municipality
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Process Chemistry and Technology › Subcritical and Supercritical Water Processes
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
- Keywords
- supercritical water gasification, sewage sludge, sulfur migration, hydrogen sulfide production, bio-oil, gasification temperature, moisture content, reaction atmosphere, thiols, thioethers, sulfate formation, heavy metal immobilization, biochar, sulfur compounds
- MeSH terms
- Organic Chemicals, Sewage, Sulfur, Temperature, Water
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