IoMT amid COVID-19 pandemic: Application, architecture, technology, and security

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The four-layer architecture is the most preferred framework because it contains classification of application, virtual platform, network communication, and physical aspects of IoT.

“The four-layer architecture is the most preferred framework, as it contains classification of application, virtual platform, network communication, and physical aspects of IoT.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Year 2020 has shown a significant increase in the merging of IoMT, Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, and Big Data for the benefits of human health.

“Fig. 14 concluded the technology timeline for IoMT disease mitigation, year 2020 has shown significant increase in the merging of IoMT, Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, and Big Data for the benefits of human health.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The most common IoMT cyber attacks are Denial-of-Service attacks, injection attacks, data leakage, and IoMT physical safety.

“Famous known IoMT cyber attacks are Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks, Injection attacks, data leakage, and IoMT physical safety, as shown in Table 5 .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

IoMT has been deployed in many countries in tandem with other strategies to curb the spread of COVID-19.

“In many countries, the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) has been deployed in tandem with other strategies to curb the spread of COVID-19”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

IoMT systems are increasingly diverse and prevalent.

“Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) systems are increasingly diverse and prevalent”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mobile phone usage is widespread in some African countries, and SMS service is used in Madagascar as a reporting method for surveillance systems.

“The mobile phone usage is widespread in some African countries; as an example, SMS service is used in Madagascar as a reporting method for surveillance systems (Aliya, 2014; Louis, 2012; Randrianasolo et al., 2010).”

• cites Aliya, 2014Not checked yet

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• cites Louis, 2012Not checked yet

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• cites Randrianasolo et al., 2010Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Ongoing research shows that adoption of secure IoMT applications is possible by incorporating security measures with the technology.

“A number of on-going researches show the adoption of secure IoMT applications is possible by incorporating security measures with the technology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Significant inroads have been achieved in IoMT applications, technology, and security.

“Significant inroads have been achieved in terms of applications and technology, as well as security”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

During SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and Ebola epidemics, IoT technology had not yet matured, which could explain why few approaches used it to combat the epidemics.

“However, during Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Ebola epidemic, the IoT technology had not yet matured; hence it could be the reason why few approaches were made to use it to combat the epidemics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The rapid and widespread adoption of IoMT across the globe has magnified the inroads in applications, technology, and security.

“which have also been magnified through the rapid and widespread adoption of IoMT across the globe”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

IoMT deployment increases efficacy by lessening the severity of the disease on human lives.

“increase efficacy by lessening the severity of the disease on human lives”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

IoMT deployment decreases mortality rates.

“decrease mortality rates”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Development of new IoMT technologies merged with AI, Big Data, and Blockchain offers more viable solutions.

“Furthermore, the development of new IoMT technologies merge with Artificial Intelligence, Big Data and Blockchain offers more viable solutions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Revealing accurate real-time information such as the list of hospitals affected by MERS-CoV is important because it prevents more infections and minimizes the number of positive cases.

“Revealing accurate real-time information such as the list of hospitals affected by MERS-CoV is important as it prevents more infections and minimized the number of positive cases (Noh et al., 2020).”

• cites Noh et al., 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

IoMT deployment improves the safety of front-line personnel.

“improve the safety of front-line personnel”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

GIS systems were used in the SARS-CoV epidemic in 2002 and seasonal influenza in 2020.

“The GIS systems were used in the SARS-CoV epidemic in 2002 (Boulos, 2004; Braden et al., 2013) as well as seasonal influenza in 2020 (Control and Prevention, 2020).”

• cites Boulos, 2004Not checked yet

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• cites Braden et al., 2013Not checked yet

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• cites Control and Prevention, 2020Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

According to Taiwan's Cheng Hsin Hospital, the cloud-based temperature monitor system saved medical personnel time, reduced recording errors, decreased consumption of personal protective equipment, and lowered the risk of infection to front-line personnel.

“According to Taiwan's Cheng Hsin Hospital where the technology is deployed (Koh, 2020), the cloud-based temperature monitor system has saved medical personnel time, reduced recording errors, decreased consumption of personal protective equipment (PPE), and most importantly, lowered the risk of infection to front-line personnel.”

• cites Koh, 2020Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

IoT has already been used in identifying and tracking the origin of an outbreak and ensuring the quarantine of potentially infected patients.

“IoT has already been used in identifying and tracking the origin of an outbreak and ensuring the quarantine of potentially infected patients (Song et al., 2020).”

• cites Song et al., 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A recent poll indicates that 84% of Taiwanese people firmly support the government tactics to impede the spread of the disease.

“Although privacy concerns were abounded, a recent poll indicates the majority (84%) of Taiwanese people firmly support the government tactics to impede the spread of the disease, which has resulted in a significantly fewer number of cases compared to neighboring China (Taiwanese Public Opinion Foundation, 2020).”

• cites Taiwanese Public Opinion Foundation, 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

South Korea's Trace strategy required affected travelers to undergo compulsory self-quarantine for 14 days before any swab test was issued.

“Affected travelers are required to undergo compulsory self-quarantine for 14 days (Chinazzi et al., 2020) before any test of swab is issued.”

• cites Chinazzi et al., 2020 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

South Korea's approach to curbing COVID-19 transmission is known as the 3 T, which stands for Trace, Test, and Treat.

“Their approach, known as the 3 T, stands for Trace, Test, and Treat (MOHW.kr, 2020, Leite et al., 2019).”

• cites MOHW.kr, 2020Not checked yet

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• cites Leite et al., 2019Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Bosch developed a rapid diagnostic device that is able to confirm COVID-19 infection in a matter of hours, as opposed to days for results, and may also detect other respiratory diseases such as influenza A and B.

“Bosch has also developed a rapid diagnostic device that is able to confirm COVID-19 infection in a matter of hours (as opposed to days for results). The device enables quick identification and isolation of infected individuals, thereby reducing the spread of the disease. Another feature of this device is that it may also detect other respiratory diseases such as influenza A and B.”

• cites Bosch, 2020Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

If the cell phone of a quarantined individual was turned off or if a person was found to have broken quarantine, an alert would be triggered within 15 minutes.

“If the cell phone of an individual was turned off or if a person was found to have broken quarantine, an alert would be triggered within 15 min (Lee, 2020).”

• cites Lee, 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The combined capacity of testing laboratories across South Korea was ramped up from 10,000 to 20,000 tests daily.

“Hence, the combined capacity of testing laboratories across South Korea was ramped up from a capacity of 10,000 to 20,000 tests daily.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

An IoMT architecture with security specification may be defined by augmenting specific medical-centric elements to the Application Layer.

“An IoMT architecture with security specification may be subsequently defined by augmenting specific medical-centric elements to the Application Layer (Noor and Hassan, 2019).”

• cites Noor and Hassan, 2019Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A large number of Ugandan health system workers collect health data using smart gadgets such as PDAs.

“Furthermore, a large number of Ugandan health system workers collect health data using smart gadgets such as PDAs (Consulting, 2009).”

• cites Consulting, 2009Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The South Korean government established a National-Designed Isolation Unit, a government-funded hospital ward on standby to receive COVID-19 patients, equipped with a negative pressure system and staffed by well-trained professionals.

“In response to COVID-19, the South Korean government established a National-Designed Isolation Unit (NDIU) - a hospital ward, funded by the government that is on standby to receive patients infected with the disease. The ward is well equipped with a negative pressure system and is staffed by well-trained professionals.”

May combine two claims.

South Korea required each new arriving individual to download a self-diagnosis app on their smartphone, and the app was used to conduct digital tracing on the individual.

“Each new arriving individual was also required to download a self-diagnosis app on his/her smartphone. The app was then used to conduct digital tracing on the individual (Ferretti et al., 2020).”

• cites Ferretti et al., 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

South Korea established residential treatment centers to admit patients with mild symptoms or those asymptomatic to COVID-19 to enable them to recover naturally or with symptomatic treatments alone.

“Residential treatment centers were also established to admit patients with mild symptoms or those asymptomatic to COVID-19 - to enable them to recover naturally or with symptomatic treatments alone.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The RASC standard defines a Reference Architecture with a four-layer architecture: device layer, communication network layer, IoT platform layer, and application layer.

“The RASC standard defines a Reference Architecture with a four-layer architecture: device layer, communication network layer, IoT platform layer, and application layer.”

• cites IEEE, 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The standard provides guidance for the interoperability of IoT systems and is meant to unify IoT systems and minimize industry fragmentation.

“The standard provides guidance for the interoperability of IoT systems and is meant to unify IoT systems and minimize industry fragmentation.”

• cites IEEE, 2020Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The South Korean contact tracing app keeps all movement records of self-quarantined individuals, and once an individual is a confirmed COVID-19 case, all movement information is downloaded by the Health Authority to trace contacts.

“The app keeps all movement records of the self-quarantined individuals. Once the individual is a confirmed COVID-19 case, all information of his movement would be downloaded by the Health Authority to trace his/her contacts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Germany's health innovation hub issued a list of telemedicine services comprising reimbursement policy, associated costs, and functionalities that is easily accessible by medical staff without significant technical or hardware investment.

“The health innovation hub issued a list of telemedicine services (comprising reimbursement policy, associated costs, and functionalities) that is easily accessible by medical staff without the need to have significant technical and/or hardware investment.”

May combine two claims.

The Bosch rapid diagnostic device enables quick identification and isolation of infected individuals, thereby reducing the spread of the disease.

“The device enables quick identification and isolation of infected individuals, thereby reducing the spread of the disease.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

German startup DOCYET launched an application called Corona-Bot that predicts if a person has the symptoms of a typical SARS-CoV-2 infection, and it is frequently updated based on the latest scientific published studies and data provided by scientific institutions.

“In addition, a German startup, DOCYET, launched an application that predicts if a person has the symptoms of a typical SARS-CoV-2 infection. The app is called Corona-Bot, and is frequently updated based on the latest scientific published studies and data provided by scientific institutions.”

May combine two claims.

The AI-powered IoMT system allows for a higher degree of protection for hospital staff and patients while easing the burden of manpower for continuous monitoring.

“This system allows for a higher degree of protection for hospital staff and patients while easing the burden of valuable manpower for continuous monitoring.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

South Korea reduced swab testing to just 10 minutes through a drive-through process.

“In addition, swab testing was reduced to just 10 min through a drive-through process.”

May combine two claims.

The AI-powered IoMT system detects body temperature via infrared scans and determines if a person is wearing a protective face mask using AI technology.

“The system detects body temperature via infrared scans and also determines if the person is wearing a protective face mask using AI technology.”

• cites Microsoft, 2020Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The Temp Pal IoMT system, used by both hospitals and self-quarantined individuals, allows real-time monitoring while reducing direct contact between patients and caregivers, thus mitigating the spread of disease.

“The IoMT system, used by both hospitals and self-quarantined individuals, allows real-time monitoring while reducing the incidence of direct contact between patients and caregivers, thus mitigating the spread of disease.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Germany launched a smartwatch application to detect infections and mitigate the spread of COVID-19.

“Germany launched a smartwatch application to detect infections and mitigate the spread of COVID-19.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Germany enforced the use of passenger locator cards, which allow for rapid action to collect the passenger's contact information.

“Also, Germany has enforced the use of passenger locator cards (US embassy Consultant, 2020). This card allows for rapid action to collect the passenger's contact information.”

• cites US embassy Consultant, 2020Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The Temp Pal system consists of a stamp-sized soft patch weighing 3 g with a battery life of 36 h per charge and transmits continuous temperature data via Bluetooth Low Energy to a mobile app and its cloud dashboard.

“The Temp Pal system consists of a stamp-sized soft patch, weighing 3 g with a battery life of 36 h per charge, and is able to transmit continuous temperature data via Bluetooth Low Energy to a mobile app and its cloud dashboard.”

• cites Koh, 2020Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Data mining in IoMT may play an effective role in building predictive models because there is presently no accurate and specific method to forecast the impact of diseases such as COVID-19.

“Data mining in IoMT may play an effective role in building predictive models as presently, there is no accurate and specific method to forecast the impact of diseases such as COVID-19 (Cascella et al., 2020).”

• cites Cascella et al., 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

The advancement of IoT technology has contributed to the number of applications developed for mitigating SARS, Ebola, and COVID-19.

“The advancement of IoT technology has contributed to the number of applications developed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A machine learning tool was developed to raise awareness of handwashing in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic.

“In another study, a machine learning tool was developed to raise awareness of handwashing in the time of COVID-19 pandemic (Pandey et al., 2020).”

• cites Pandey et al., 2020Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Issues such as diagnostic models, benchmark standard, updated requirement, and variables are among significant concerns in COVID-19 machine learning research.

“As several research include the application of a mix of neural networks and conventional machine learning techniques, issues such as diagnostic models, benchmark standard, updated requirement, and variables are among significant concerns (Mohammed et al., 2020).”

• cites Mohammed et al., 2020Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Health data of 2799 patients with COVID-19 was screened, and a prognostic prediction model was built based on the XGBoost machine learning algorithm and then tested against 29 patients to predict criticality in patients with severe COVID-19 infection.

“This is where health data of 2799 patients with COVID-19 was screened, and the prognostic prediction model was built based on the XGBoost machine learning algorithm and then tested against 29 patients to predict criticality in patients with severe COVID-19 infection.”

• cites Pandey et al., 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yan et al. proposed a mathematical simulation method based on machine learning to recognize the most important biomarkers of patient survival.

“In another study (Yan et al., 2020), a mathematical simulation method based on machine learning was proposed to recognize the most important biomarkers of patient survival.”

• cites Yan et al., 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Machine learning and big data mining have already been used in the past for disease prediction and analysis.

“ML and big data mining have already been used in the past for disease prediction and analysis (Dimitrov, 2016; Hameed et al., 2017; Vinitha et al., 2018).”

• cites Dimitrov, 2016Not checked yet

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• cites Hameed et al., 2017Not checked yet

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• cites Vinitha et al., 2018Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Data generated by IoT devices are streaming data that continues to grow in volume and velocity and is considered by a few researchers as pure big data.

“Data that is generated by IoT devices are streaming data that continues to grow in volume and velocity and is considered by a few researchers as pure big data (Marjani et al., 2017).”

• cites Marjani et al., 2017 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Dimitrov (2016) showed a unified classification and association rule mining algorithm to classify the rules underlying the modification of non-pandemic sequences to pandemics in influenza pandemic databases.

“Work by Dimitrov (2016) showed a unified classification and association rule mining algorithm to classify the rules underlying the modification of non-pandemic sequences to pandemics in influenza pandemic databases.”

• cites Dimitrov, 2016Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Pandey et al. stated that their model is capable of well predicting the risk of mortality and provides a clinical pathway for the recognition of critical cases from serious cases, thereby reducing the number of deaths.

“The authors have stated that their model is capable of well predicting the risk of mortality and that it provides a clinical pathway for the recognition of critical cases from serious cases, thereby reducing the number of deaths (Pandey et al., 2020).”

• cites Pandey et al., 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mohammed et al. suggested an insightful machine learning approach to assist health institutions in the application of the COVID-19 diagnostic device.

“Additionally (Mohammed et al., 2020), suggested an insightful ML approach to assist health institutions in the application of the COVID-19 diagnostic device.”

• cites Mohammed et al., 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A scalable approach can be extended to benchmarking diagnostic models based on radiology laboratory data such as CT images, allowing medical institution administration to choose the most appropriate COVID-19 diagnostic model.

“A scalable approach that can be extended to benchmarking diagnostic models based on radiology laboratory data such as CT images, which will basically allow the medical institution administration to choose the most appropriate COVID-19 diagnostic model (Mohammed et al., 2020).”

• cites Mohammed et al., 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Big health data analytics can be used to predict unseen patterns and hidden information about pandemics.

“It is clear that big health data analytics can be used to predict unseen patterns and hidden information about pandemics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Jia et al.'s prediction has shown some degree of accuracy at the time of writing.

“Based on their prediction and at the time of writing, their prediction has shown to have some degree of accuracy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Internet communication greatly increases the availability and dissemination of knowledge, and hence reporting has the potential to spread as misinformation or fake news.

“While improving IoMT, AI, and Big Data, internet communication greatly increases the availability and dissemination of knowledge. Hence the reporting has the potential to spread as misinformation or fake news (Lai et al., 2020).”

• cites Lai et al., 2020 sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Since there is no biomarker to distinguish those who will develop severe cases from COVID-19, the need for predicting critical cases arises.

“Moreover, since there is no biomarker to distinguish those who will develop severe cases from COVID-19, the need for predicting critical cases arises.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Jia et al. predicted that the pandemic will end in China in late April 2020.

“In addition, they predicted the time that the pandemic will end in China, which is late in April 2020.”

• cites Jia et al., 2020Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Jia et al. used the three models to fit and study the epidemic trend of COVID-19 in Wuhan, mainland China, and non-Hubei areas, and predicted the total number of infections and deaths that would occur in those areas.

“The three models were then used to fit and study the epidemic trend of COVID-19 in Wuhan, mainland China and non-Hubei areas. Based on this work, the researchers predicted the total number of infections and deaths that would occur in Wuhan and China mainland and non-Hubei areas.”

• cites Jia et al., 2020Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The Hosseini et al. model reduces the number of contaminated COVID-19 countries and thereby slows down the spread of the epidemic.

“The model reduces the number of contaminated COVID-19 countries and thereby slows down the spread of the epidemic.”

• cites Hosseini et al., 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The development of new pharmaceutical drugs and vaccines has been made possible using various applications of machine learning algorithms.

“In addition, the development of new pharmaceutical drugs and vaccines has been made possible using various applications of ML algorithms - for example, Google has begun work on pharmaceutical drug development using ML methods and techniques (Pramanik et al., 2017).”

• cites Pramanik et al., 2017 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

China built robots fitted with AI, driven by 5G and fitted with five high-resolution cameras and infrared thermometers, to reduce the possible risk of COVID-19 exposure to authority when conducting direct body temperature measurements.

“In order to reduce the possible risk of the COVID-19 in exposure to authority when conducting direct body temperature measurements, China built robots fitted with AI. This technology is driven by 5G and fitted with five high-resolution cameras and infrared thermometers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Medical IoT can be considered as another face of the health industry, and in some cases, IoMT with big data analytics can perform better than health organizations in diagnosing, treating, and predicting unknown diseases.

“Moreover, medical IoT can be considered as another face of the health industry, and in some cases, IoMT with big data analytics can perform better than health organizations in diagnosing, treating, and predicting such unknown diseases.”

May combine two claims.

Another difficulty in COVID-19 machine learning research is the dataset itself, as the data is rising on a regular basis and the number of cases grows increasingly exponentially.

“Other difficulty in COVID-19 ML research is the dataset itself. As the data is rising on a regular basis and that the number of cases grows increasing exponentially (Arun and Neelakanta Iyer, 2020; Mohammed et al., 2020).”

• cites Arun and Neelakanta Iyer, 2020Not checked yet

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• cites Mohammed et al., 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

WHO has recognized that China has successfully used big data and AI during the COVID-19 pandemic.

“WHO has also recognized that China has successfully used big data and AI during the COVID-19 pandemic (Inn, 2020).”

• cites Inn, 2020Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Benchmarking and testing diagnostic models for COVID-19 is not a straightforward process; multiple criteria are required to be assessed and some of the criteria are in conflict with each other.

“Benchmarking and testing diagnostic models for COVID-19 is not a straightforward process. Multiple criteria are required to be assessed, and some of the criteria are in conflict with each other.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

WHO is encouraging the use of passenger locator cards in order to limit the spread of diseases while onboarding aircraft and for the subsequent need for contact tracing.

“Accordingly, WHO is encouraging the use of this card in order to limit the spread of diseases while onboarding aircraft and for the subsequent need for contact tracing (WHO, 2020).”

• cites WHO, 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Advanced machine learning methods have been utilized in the systematic classification of COVID-19 genomes, CRISPR-based COVID-19 detection assay, and finding drug candidates against COVID-19.

“Advanced machine learning methods have been utilized in a systematic classification of COVID-19 genomes, CRISPR-based COVID-19 detection assay, and finding drug candidates against COVID-19.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

There is a need for an effective computational complexity theory, such as an optimization algorithm that can control the outbreak and at the same time reduce the transmission of the pandemic.

“According to (Hosseini et al., 2020), there is a need for an effective computational complexity theory, such as an optimization algorithm that can control the outbreak and, at the same time, reduce the transmission of the pandemic (Hosseini et al., 2020).”

• cites Hosseini et al., 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Arun and Neelakanta Iyer provided an overview of the spread of COVID-19 and estimated the severity of the pandemic, the survival rate, and the fatality rate using known machine learning methods and mathematical simulation techniques.

“(Arun and Neelakanta Iyer, 2020) provides an overview of the spread of COVID19 disease and estimates the severity of the pandemic, the survival rate and the fatality rate using known machine learning methods as well as mathematical simulation techniques such as Rough Set-Support Vector Machine, Bayesian Ridge and Polynomial Regression, SIR Model and Recurrent Neural Network.”

• cites Arun and Neelakanta Iyer, 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Chinese robots are capable of measuring 10 persons' body temperature at the same time within a distance of 5 m.

“The robots are capable of measuring 10 person's body temperature at the same time within a distance of 5 m.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A flexible full coverage approach helps medical institutions test and compare a range of COVID-19 diagnostic models and settle on a model that fits their needs and reduces time and money.

“A flexible full coverage approach helps them to test and compare a range of COVID-19 diagnostic models and settle on the selection of a model that fits the needs of a health institution and reduces time and money by using a rigorous framework for the selection of ML models.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The large number of machine learning models has contributed to a big challenge for management teams of medical institutions to choose the most suitable model.

“In realistic words, the large number of ML learning models have contributed to a big challenge for the management teams of medical institutions to choose the most suitable model they consider to be the key problem of this research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To obtain a potential technology by combining big data analytics and the medical internet of things, there is an immediate need to move towards standardizing decentralized data.

“However, to obtain a potential technology, by combining big data analytics and the medical internet of things, there is an immediate need to move towards standardizing the decentralized data (Allam and Jones, 2020).”

• cites Allam and Jones, 2020Not checked yet

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A fast number of machine learning models have been developed to replicate the cases of COVID-19.

“In the meantime, a fast number of ML models have been developed to replicate the cases of COVID-19 (Mohammed et al., 2020).”

• cites Mohammed et al., 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Incorrect selection of a diagnosis model for COVID-19 can be expensive for medical organizations, particularly at a time when there is a tremendous need for a more reliable and rapid diagnosis model.

“Moreover, the incorrect selection of a diagnosis model for COVID-19 can be expensive for medical organizations, particularly at a time when there is a tremendous need for a more reliable and rapid diagnosis model.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, a majority of IoMT systems have been used primarily to track and trace infected individuals as digital surveillance, leading to privacy concerns, but this has been regarded as a necessary evil and accepted by many citizens across the globe.

“During this pandemic period, a majority of IoMT systems have been used primarily to track and trace infected individuals as digital surveillance, and this has led to some concerns regarding privacy issues - yet this has been regarded as a necessary evil and is accepted by many citizens across the globe.”

May combine two claims.

IoMT suffers from security and privacy issues, and enhancements are needed.

“stressed that IoMT suffers from security and privacy issues, and enhancements are needed.”

• cites Yaacoub et al., 2020Not checked yet

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• cites Yaqoob et al., 2019Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Message spoofing leads to message forgery in the IoMT network to distribute wrong information and diminish the security and privacy of IoMT systems.

“Message spoofing leads to message forgery in the IoMT network to distribute wrong information and diminish the security and privacy of IoMT systems.”

May combine two claims.

A study by security analysts found more than 68,000 online medical services, with 12,000 belonging to a single healthcare organization, and all these devices were in danger of cyber-attacks.

“According to (Nanayakkara et al., 2019), a study conducted by security analysts found more than 68,000 online medical services with 12,000 of them belonging to a single healthcare organization. All these devices were in danger of cyber-attacks.”

• cites Nanayakkara et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Lightweight security approaches such as lightweight cryptography, lightweight hybrid anomaly detection, and lightweight multi-factor authentication are possible current approaches to enforce stronger authentication in IoMT systems.

“In view of hardware constraints, lightweight security approaches like lightweight cryptography, lightweight hybrid anomaly detection, and lightweight multi-factor authentication are possible current approaches to enforce stronger authentication in IoMT systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A blockchain wallet is software that handles addresses transparently but can reveal the privacy of blockchain systems depending on the software security strength.

“Blockchain wallet is a software that handles addresses transparently, but it has the capability to reveal the privacy of blockchain systems depending on the software security strength.”

May combine two claims.

Cyber attacks are not only detrimental to the system but may also pose a danger to human life.

“Cyber attacks are not only detrimental to the system but may also pose a danger to human life.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Differential privacy protects IoMT node data privacy by adding noise and uses dynamic data perturbation.

“Differential privacy is a method that protects IoMT nodes data privacy by adding noise; it uses the dynamic data perturbation concept (Liu et al., 2019).”

• cites Liu et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Blockchain technology mitigates the issue of distributed devices with multi-services/platform management, data exchange privacy, transaction tampering, untrusted distributed authorization and authentication services, and untraceable transaction of IoMT devices.

“Blockchain technology mitigates the issue of distributed devices with multi-services/platform management, data exchange privacy, transaction tampering, untrusted distributed authorization and authentication services, and untraceable transaction of IoMT devices (Hassan et al., 2019).”

• cites Hassan et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Other applications of IoMT during the pandemic have been in detecting, monitoring, and testing to minimize the risk of infection or to expedite testing procedures.

“Other applications of IoMT have been in detecting, monitoring, and testing to minimize the risk of infection or to expedite testing procedures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Implementing security on IoMT devices is challenging due to constrained-device criteria, distributed architecture, and devices being located at the edge of a network, sometimes remote or within the body and not easily accessible.

“Implementing security on IoMT devices is a challenging task due to the constrained-device criteria and distributed architecture of IoMT ecosystem. Additionally, these devices are located at the edge of a network and, in some cases, are remote or located within the body, etc. and not easily accessible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The US Food & Drug Administration has revised the electronic safety guidelines on medical equipment applications of 2018 with updated advice on securing patient data on such devices and systems.

“The US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) has recently revised the electronic safety guidelines on medical equipment applications of 2018 with updated advice on securing patient data on such devices and systems (Sun et al., 2019).”

• cites Sun et al., 2019 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The rapid evolution and adoption of IoMT, especially in pandemic times, may raise further security concerns, making the preservation of privacy of critical and sensitive medical data more challenging.

“The rapid evolution and adoption of IoMT, especially in pandemic times, may raise further security concerns, thus preserving the privacy of critical and sensitive medical data becomes more challenging.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Encryption is generally used to protect the privacy of wearable devices.

“Encryption is generally used to protect the privacy of wearable devices. It can only be compromised by mathematically breaking the encryption cipher.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Encryption can only be compromised by mathematically breaking the encryption cipher.

May combine two claims.

More than 90% of all IoT device transmission is unencrypted, implying that 57% of IoT devices are vulnerable to attacks exposing confidential information.

“According to a recent study (Palandrani, 2020), more than 90% of all IoT device transmission is unencrypted, implying that 57% of IoT devices are vulnerable to attacks exposing confidential information.”

• cites Palandrani, 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

General blockchain privacy preservation approaches are encryption, smart contract, anonymization, and differential privacy.

“General blockchain privacy preservation approaches are encryption, smart contract, anonymization, and differential privacy (Hassan et al., 2019).”

• cites Hassan et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Former US Vice President Dick Cheney removed the wireless capability of his heart implant due to concerns about possible life-threatening cyber attacks through the implanted device.

“Even the former US Vice President, Dick Cheney, removed the wireless capability of his heart implant due to concerns on possible life-threatening cyber attacks that might be made through the implanted device (Peterson, 2013).”

• cites Peterson, 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Safety in IoMT applications can adversely influence the physiological, psychological, and biological state of human beings and may result in loss of life and limb.

“In an IoMT application, safety plays a crucial role as it can adversely influence the physiological, psychological, and biological state of human beings. This might also result in the loss of life and limb.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Information openness among nations regarding COVID-19 mitigation will ensure better information collaboration in the event of such pandemic disasters.

“Information openness among nations regarding the COVID-19 mitigation will ensure better information collaboration in the event of such pandemic disasters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Anonymization is a famous method to preserve privacy in blockchain IoMT applications.

“Anonymization is another famous method to preserve privacy in blockchain IoMT applications.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Known blockchain privacy attacks include wallet privacy leakage, address reuse, Sybil attacks, deanonymization, linking attacks, and message spoofing.

“Some known blockchain privacy attacks are wallet privacy leakage, address reuse, Sybil attacks, deanonymization, linking attacks, and message spoofing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Possible interventions for IoMT security include access control via authentication, key protection, trust protection, and blockchain technology.

“Possible interventions include access control via authentication, key protection, trust protection (Luo et al., 2018), and blockchain technology, among others.”

• cites Luo et al., 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Blockchain wallets use temporary disposable addresses for each data transmission to overcome address reuse issues.

“Blockchain wallets have been introduced to overcome the address reuse issues, whereby temporary disposable addresses are used for each data transmission.”

May combine two claims.

Generic security solutions cannot be implemented on low-powered IoMT devices because they are typically difficult to enforce, and a lightweight security middleware framework may be more suited.

“Generic solutions for security problems cannot be implemented as they are typically difficult to enforce on these low powered devices, and hence a lightweight security middleware framework may be more suited (Hassan et al., 2019; Yaacoub et al., 2020).”

• cites Hassan et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Yaacoub et al., 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Blockchain technology helps improve the privacy of IoMT data because it adopts a naturally decentralized architecture, secured transactions with cryptographic encryption, immutable reliable trust with verifiable transmission backtrack, and easy data identification.

“Blockchain technology helps to improve the privacy of IoMT data as it adopts a naturally decentralized architecture, secured transactions with cryptographic encryption, immutable reliable trust with verifiable transmission backtrack, and easy data (device) identification as it owns unique identifiers.”