The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Circulating endotoxin and systemic immune activation in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS)
Open accessAbstract
The present study reports elevated levels of endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations in plasma from patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) and Alzheimer's (AD) as compared to healthy controls. Levels of plasma LPS showed a significant positive correlation with degree of blood monocyte/macrophage activation in disease groups and was most elevated in patients with advanced sALS disease. There was a significant negative relationship between plasma LPS and levels of monocyte/macrophage IL-10 expression in sALS blood. These data suggest that systemic LPS levels and activated monocyte/macrophages may play significant roles in the pathogenesis of sALS.
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In the citing paper
“LPS is elevated in both the blood and brain of AD patients.25–29”
From TET2-mutant myeloid cells mitigate Alzheimer’s disease progression via CNS infiltration and enhanced phagocytosis in mice (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Elevated blood LPS levels have been found in ALS patients (51), which may be attributable to gut inflammation and microbiota changes (64).”
From Modulation of the gut–brain axis via the gut microbiota: a new era in treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“Blood and brain endotoxin levels are elevated in Alzheimer’s disease”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“but are elevated during infections, gut inflammation, gum disease and neurodegenerative disease.”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Serum endotoxin levels are elevated in patients with severe autism [30], liver cirrhosis [11], diabetes [31], cardiovascular disease [8], chronic infection and ageing [32], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease [10].”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Blood endotoxin is elevated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Mean blood endotoxin levels are increased threefold in AD patients [10].”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Blood endotoxin levels are elevated in ALS patients [10], possibly as a result of gut inflammation and microbiome changes [102].”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
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Systemic LPS causes chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration
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Leaky gut: mechanisms, measurement and clinical implications in humans
Camilleri, M. (2019) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318427 · Cited by 1,081
Forsyth, C. B., Shannon, K. M., Kordower, J. H., Voigt, R. M., Shaikh, M., Jaglin, J. A., Estes, J. D., Dodiya, H. B., & Keshavarzian, A. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028032 · Cited by 974
The Gut Microbiota and Alzheimer’s Disease
Jiang, C., Li, G., Huang, P., Liu, Z., & Zhao, B. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-161141 · Cited by 852
Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis in Alzheimer’s Disease
Kowalski, K., & Mulak, A. (2019) · Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility · doi:10.5056/jnm18087 · Cited by 826
Microbiota-Brain-Gut Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Quigley, E. M. M. (2017) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-017-0802-6 · Cited by 804
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhang, R., Miller, R. G., Gascon, R., Champion, S., Katz, J., Lancero, M., Narvaez, A., Honrada, R., Ruvalcaba, D., & McGrath, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- California Pacific Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- McGrath, Michael S.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroimmunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 206
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 121-124
- ISSN
- 0165-5728 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2995297
- OpenAlex
- W2128492849
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroimmunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (U01CA066529)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- sporadic ALS, endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide, systemic immune activation, monocyte/macrophage activation, IL-10, Alzheimer's disease, plasma biomarkers, neuroinflammation, disease progression
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Analysis of Variance, Endotoxins, Female, Flow Cytometry, HLA-DR Antigens, Humans, Lipopolysaccharides, Macrophages, Male, Middle Aged, Monocytes, Interleukin-10
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