Microbiota-Brain-Gut Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Abstract
Purpose of review The purposes of this review were as follows: first, to provide an overview of the gut microbiota and its interactions with the gut and the central nervous system (the microbiota-gut-brain axis) in health, second, to review the relevance of this axis to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, and, finally, to assess the potential for microbiota-targeted therapies.Recent findings Work on animal models has established the microbiota-gut-brain axis as a real phenomenon; to date, the evidence for its operation in man has been limited and has been confronted by considerable logistical challenges. Animal and translational models have incriminated a disturbed gut microbiota in a number of CNS disorders, including Parkinson's disease; data from human studies is scanty. While a theoretical basis can be developed for the use of microbiota-directed therapies in neurodegenerative disorders, support is yet to come from high-quality clinical trials. In theory, a role for the microbiota-gut-brain axis is highly plausible; clinical confirmation is awaited.
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There is bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain.
“Increasing evidence suggests there is bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain [6–8].”
From Neuroprotective Effect of Ceftriaxone on MPTP‐Induced Parkinson’s Disease Mouse Model by Regulating Inflammation and Intestinal Microbiota (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
The gut microbiota begins to develop in the prenatal period, and disruptions in its composition during the first 2-3 years of life can negatively impact development and increase the risk of future diseases.
“The gut microbiota, a diverse community of microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract, begins to develop in the prenatal period, and disruptions in its composition during the first 2–3 years of life can negatively impact development and increase the risk of future diseases [15].”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [15]
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Gastrointestinal dysfunction in liver disease and portal hypertension
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Disease-Associated Microglia: A Universal Immune Sensor of Neurodegeneration
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The vagus nerve at the interface of the microbiota-gut-brain axis
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Inflammation in CNS neurodegenerative diseases
Stephenson, J., Nutma, E., van der Valk, P., & Amor, S. (2018) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.12922 · Cited by 966 · see citing works
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Antibiotics, gut microbiota, and Alzheimer’s disease
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RetractedThe impact of the microbiota-gut-brain axis on Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology
Doifode, T., Giridharan, V. V., Generoso, J. S., Bhatti, G., Collodel, A., Schulz, P. E., Forlenza, O. V., & Barichello, T. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105314 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
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Microbiota-gut brain axis involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders
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Bile acids as key modulators of the brain-Gut-Microbiota axis in alzheimer’s disease
Mulak, A. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210608 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
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Self-citationOxidative Stress and Gut-Derived Lipopolysaccharides in Neurodegenerative Disease: Role of NOX2
Loffredo, L., Ettorre, E., Zicari, A. M., Inghilleri, M., Nocella, C., Perri, L., Spalice, A., Fossati, C., De Lucia, M. C., Pigozzi, F., et al. (2020) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2020/8630275 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Fermented Soy Products: Beneficial Potential in Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease
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Gut microbiota and aging-A focus on centenarians
Cӑtoi, A. F., Corina, A., Katsiki, N., Vodnar, D. C., Andreicuț, A. D., Stoian, A. P., Rizzo, M., & Pérez-Martínez, P. (2020) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165765 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
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The Role of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in the Development of Alzheimer’s Disease
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Alzheimer’s disease and gut microbiota: does trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) play a role?
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The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Młynarska, E., Barszcz, E., Budny, E., Gajewska, A., Kopeć, K., Wasiak, J., Rysz, J., & Franczyk, B. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17071135 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Gubert, C., Love, C. J., Kodikara, S., Mei Liew, J. J., Renoir, T., Lê Cao, K.-A., & Hannan, A. J. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103687 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Challenges of Repurposing Tetracyclines for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease
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[Retracted] A Review of Bile Acid Metabolism and Signaling in Cognitive Dysfunction‐Related Diseases
Weng, Z.-B., Chen, Y.-R., Lv, J.-T., Wang, M.-X., Chen, Z.-Y., Zhou, W., Shen, X.-C., Zhan, L.-B., & Wang, F. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/4289383 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“The “ gut-brain axis ” has led researchers to recognize the profound impact of gut fl ora and its metabolites on the nervous system [83, 84].”
RetractedPeng, Y., Tao, H., Wang, S., Xiao, J., Wang, Y., & Su, H. (2021) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2021.104463 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Quigley, E. M. M.
- Affiliations
- Houston Methodist (US)
- Corresponding author
- Quigley, Eamonn M. M.
- Venue
- Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
- Published
- 2017-10-17
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 94-94
- ISSN
- 1528-4042 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-6293
- OpenAlex
- W2766853085
- Cited by
- 804
- References
- 218
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 150 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 29
- FWCI
- 4.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- microbiota-gut-brain axis, gut microbiota, neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease, microbiota-targeted therapy, central nervous system disorders, animal models of neurodegeneration, translational model
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Brain, Humans, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Molecular Targeted Therapy
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