Circulating endotoxin and systemic immune activation in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS)
Open accessAbstract
The present study reports elevated levels of endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations in plasma from patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) and Alzheimer's (AD) as compared to healthy controls. Levels of plasma LPS showed a significant positive correlation with degree of blood monocyte/macrophage activation in disease groups and was most elevated in patients with advanced sALS disease. There was a significant negative relationship between plasma LPS and levels of monocyte/macrophage IL-10 expression in sALS blood. These data suggest that systemic LPS levels and activated monocyte/macrophages may play significant roles in the pathogenesis of sALS.
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LPS is elevated in both the blood and brain of AD patients.
“LPS is elevated in both the blood and brain of AD patients.25–29”
From TET2-mutant myeloid cells mitigate Alzheimer’s disease progression via CNS infiltration and enhanced phagocytosis in mice (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
Results §3.1 reports significantly elevated LPS in plasma from AD patients compared with healthy controls. The supplied passages do not report elevated LPS in the brains of AD patients, so they support only the blood portion of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredElevated blood LPS levels have been found in ALS patients, which may be attributable to gut inflammation and microbiota changes.
“Elevated blood LPS levels have been found in ALS patients (51), which may be attributable to gut inflammation and microbiota changes (64).”
From Modulation of the gut–brain axis via the gut microbiota: a new era in treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [51]
Blood and brain endotoxin levels are elevated in Alzheimer's disease.
“Blood and brain endotoxin levels are elevated in Alzheimer’s disease”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
Blood endotoxin levels are elevated during infections, gut inflammation, gum disease, and neurodegenerative disease.
“but are elevated during infections, gut inflammation, gum disease and neurodegenerative disease.”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
Serum endotoxin levels are elevated in patients with severe autism, liver cirrhosis, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic infection and ageing, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
“Serum endotoxin levels are elevated in patients with severe autism [30], liver cirrhosis [11], diabetes [31], cardiovascular disease [8], chronic infection and ageing [32], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease [10].”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
Blood endotoxin is elevated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
“Blood endotoxin is elevated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
Mean blood endotoxin levels are increased threefold in Alzheimer's disease patients.
“Mean blood endotoxin levels are increased threefold in AD patients [10].”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
Blood endotoxin levels are elevated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients, possibly as a result of gut inflammation and microbiome changes.
“Blood endotoxin levels are elevated in ALS patients [10], possibly as a result of gut inflammation and microbiome changes [102].”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
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- Authors
- Zhang, R., Miller, R. G., Gascon, R., Champion, S., Katz, J., Lancero, M., Narvaez, A., Honrada, R., Ruvalcaba, D., & McGrath, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- California Pacific Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- McGrath, Michael S.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroimmunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 206
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 121-124
- ISSN
- 0165-5728 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2995297
- OpenAlex
- W2128492849
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroimmunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (U01CA066529)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- sporadic ALS, endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide, systemic immune activation, monocyte/macrophage activation, IL-10, Alzheimer's disease, plasma biomarkers, neuroinflammation, disease progression
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Analysis of Variance, Endotoxins, Female, Flow Cytometry, HLA-DR Antigens, Humans, Lipopolysaccharides, Macrophages, Male, Middle Aged, Monocytes, Interleukin-10
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