Assessment of the King-Devick® (KD) test for screening acute mTBI/concussion in warfighters
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: The Department of Defense reported that 344,030 cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI) were clinically confirmed from 2000 to 2015, with mild TBI (mTBI) accounting for 82.3% of all cases. Unfortunately, warfighters with TBI are often identified only when moderate or severe head injuries have occurred, leaving more subtle mTBI cases undiagnosed. This study aims to identify and validate an eye-movement visual test for screening acute mTBI. METHODS: Two-hundred active duty military personnel were recruited to perform the King-Devick® (KD) test. Subjects were equally divided into two groups: those with diagnosed acute mTBI (≤72h) and age-matched controls. The KD test was administered twice for test-retest reliability, and the outcome measure was total cumulative time to complete each test. RESULTS: The mTBI group had approximately 36% mean slower performance time with significant differences between the groups (p<0.001) in both tests. There were significant differences between the two KD test administrations in each group, however, a strong correlation was observed between each test administration. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in KD test performance were seen between the acute mTBI and control groups. The results suggest the KD test can be utilized for screening acute mTBI. A validated and rapidly administered mTBI screening test with results that are easily interpreted by providers is essential in making return-to-duty decisions in the injured warfighter.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
King-Devick Test performance is significantly impaired in American football players, rugby league players, and combat soldiers experiencing concussion.
“Performance in the King-Devick Test® is significantly impaired in American football players (Seidman et al., 2015), rugby league players (King et al., 2015), and combat soldiers (Walsh et al., 2016) experiencing concussion.”
From A Critical Review of Consumer Wearables, Mobile Applications, and Equipment for Providing Biofeedback, Monitoring Stress, and Sleep in Physically Active Populations (2018) · cites this paper as Walsh et al., 2016
Cites
Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq
Hoge, C. W., McGurk, D., Thomas, J. L., Cox, A. L., Engel, C. C., & Castro, C. A. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa072972 · Cited by 2,775 · see citing works
Schneiderman, A., Braver, E. R., & Kang, H. K. (2008) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwn068 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Update of Neuropathology and Neurological Recovery After Traumatic Brain Injury
Povlishock, J. T., & Katz, D. I. (2005) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-200501000-00008 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Structural and Functional Analyses of Human Cerebral Cortex Using a Surface-Based Atlas
Essen, D. C. V., & Drury, H. A. (1997) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-18-07079.1997 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
4: Rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury
Khan, F., Baguley, I. J., & Cameron, I. D. (2003) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05199.x · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Galetta, K. M., Brandes, L. E., Maki, K., Dziemianowicz, M. S., Laudano, E., Allen, M. S., Lawler, K. A., Sennett, B. J., Wiebe, D. J., Devick, S., et al. (2011) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2011.07.039 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
The King-Devick test as a determinant of head trauma and concussion in boxers and MMA fighters
Galetta, K. M., Barrett, J., Allen, M., Madda, F., Delicata, D., Tennant, A. T., Branas, C. C., Maguire, M. G., Messner, L. V., Devick, S., et al. (2011) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31821184c9 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Katz, D. I. (1994) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1994.00540190041013 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Lawrence, J., Douglas, P., & Gandy, J. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781119163411.ch83 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Capó‐Aponte, J. E., Urosevich, T. G., Temme, L. A., Tarbett, A. K., & Sanghera, N. K. (2012) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-12-00061 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citationVisual Impairment and Dysfunction in Combat‐Injured Servicemembers With Traumatic Brain Injury
Brahm, K. D., Wilgenburg, H. M., Kirby, J., et al. (2009) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1097/opx.0b013e3181adff2d · Cited by 219 · see citing works
DIFFERENTIAL RATE OF RECOVERY IN ATHLETES AFTER FIRST AND SECOND CONCUSSION EPISODES
Slobounov, S., Slobounov, E., Sebastianelli, W. J., Cao, C., & Newell, K. M. (2007) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000280001.03578.ff · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Novack, T. A., Bush, B. A., Meythaler, J. M., & Canupp, K. (2001) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1053/apmr.2001.18222 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Organization of visual areas in macaque and human cerebral cortex
Essen, D. C. V. (2003) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Visual function in patients of a polytrauma rehabilitation center: A descriptive study
Goodrich, G. L. (2007) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2007.01.0003 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Organization of Visual Areas in Macaque and Human Cerebral Cortex
Essen, D. C. V. (2003) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/7131.003.0038 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
King, D., Gissane, C., Hume, P. A., & Flaws, M. (2015) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.02.035 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Use of the King-Devick test for sideline concussion screening in junior rugby league
King, D., Hume, P., Gissane, C., & Clark, T. (2015) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.06.069 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury
Iaccarino, M. A., Bhatnagar, S., & ZAFONTE, R. D. (2015) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52892-6.00026-x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Proceedings of the Military mTBI Diagnostics Workshop, St. Pete Beach, August 2010
Marion, D. W., Curley, K. C., Schwab, K. A., & Hicks, A. T. M. D. W. R. R. (2011) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2010.1638 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Silverberg, N. D., Luoto, T. M., Öhman, J. E., & Iverson, G. L. (2014) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2014.943287 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Slowing of number naming speed by King–Devick Test in Parkinson's disease
Lin, T. P., Adler, C. H., Hentz, J. G., Balcer, L. J., Galetta, S. L., & Devick, S. (2013) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.10.009 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Diagnosis of Traumatic Brain Injury on the Battlefield
Schmid, K. E., & Tortella, F. C. (2012) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2012.00090 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Moster, S. J., Wilson, J. A., Galetta, S. L., & Balcer, L. J. (2014) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2014.05.047 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Effectiveness of computerized oculomotor vision screening in a military population: Pilot study
Cap�-Aponte, J. E., Tarbett, A. K., Urosevich, T. G., Temme, L. A., Sanghera, N. K., & Kalich, M. E. (2012) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2011.07.0128 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationSupporting Employment for Adults With Acquired Brain Injury
Vandiver, V. L., Johnson, J., & Christofero-Snider, C. (2003) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-200309000-00007 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Peake, J. M., Kerr, G., & Sullivan, J. P. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00743 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
- Authors
- Walsh, D. V., Capó-Aponte, J. E., Beltran, T., Cole, W. R., Ballard, A., & Dumayas, J. Y.
- Affiliations
- United States Army Aeromedical Research Lab (US)
- Womack Army Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Walsh, David V.
- Venue
- Journal of the Neurological Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-11
- Volume
- 370
- Pages
- 305-309
- ISSN
- 0022-510X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2518777924
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 4.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the Neurological Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command
- Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (W81XWH-14-C-0048)
- Geneva Foundation
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- King-Devick test, mild traumatic brain injury, concussion, warfighters, test-retest reliability, return to duty, military personnel, concussion screening
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Adult, Brain Concussion, Female, Humans, Male, Military Personnel, Saccades, United States, Reproducibility of Results, Glasgow Coma Scale, Eye Movement Measurements
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
