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Cited by 529Non-Invasive Vital Sign MonitoringMobile Health and mHealth ApplicationsContext-Aware Activity Recognition Systems

A Critical Review of Consumer Wearables, Mobile Applications, and Equipment for Providing Biofeedback, Monitoring Stress, and Sleep in Physically Active Populations

Open access
Peake, Jonathan M., Kerr, Graham, Sullivan, John P.·2018·Frontiers in Physiology
DOI 10.3389/fphys.2018.00743PMC PMC6031746
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Abstract

The commercial market for technologies to monitor and improve personal health and sports performance is ever expanding. A wide range of smart watches, bands, garments, and patches with embedded sensors, small portable devices and mobile applications now exist to record and provide users with feedback on many different physical performance variables. These variables include cardiorespiratory function, movement patterns, sweat analysis, tissue oxygenation, sleep, emotional state, and changes in cognitive function following concussion. In this review, we have summarized the features and evaluated the characteristics of a cross-section of technologies for health and sports performance according to what the technology is claimed to do, whether it has been validated and is reliable, and if it is suitable for general consumer use. Consumers who are choosing new technology should consider whether it (1) produces desirable (or non-desirable) outcomes, (2) has been developed based on real-world need, and (3) has been tested and proven effective in applied studies in different settings. Among the technologies included in this review, more than half have not been validated through independent research. Only 5% of the technologies have been formally validated. Around 10% of technologies have been developed for and used in research. The value of such technologies for consumer use is debatable, however, because they may require extra time to set up and interpret the data they produce. Looking to the future, the rapidly expanding market of health and sports performance technology has much to offer consumers. To create a competitive advantage, companies producing health and performance technologies should consult with consumers to identify real-world need, and invest in research to prove the effectiveness of their products. To get the best value, consumers should carefully select such products, not only based on their personal needs, but also according to the strength of supporting evidence and effectiveness of the products.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This critical review surveys consumer wearables, mobile apps, and equipment for biofeedback, stress monitoring, and sleep in physically active populations, evaluating what each technology claims to do, whether it has been validated, and whether it is commercially available. It concludes that more than half of the reviewed technologies lack independent validation, with only 5% formally validated and about 10% developed for and used in research.

Key findings

  • Across the reviewed technologies, more than half had not been validated through independent research, only 5% had been formally validated, and around 10% had been developed for and used in research.
  • Some devices showed strong validation: BSX Insight had high to very high agreement with blood lactate (ICC >0.80) and very good reliability (ICC 0.97; CV 1.2%); Hexoskin showed very high agreement with ECG heart rate (ICC >0.95; CV <0.8%), respiration rate (ICC >0.95; CV <1.4%), and moderate-to-very-high agreement with hip motion intensity (ICC 0.80–0.96; CV <6.4%).
  • Sleep trackers had mixed accuracy: UP had high sleep sensitivity (0.97) but low wake specificity (0.37), overestimated total sleep time by 26.6 ± 35.3 min, and underestimated wake after sleep onset by 31.2 ± 32.3 min; OURA had high sleep sensitivity (0.96) but lower sensitivity for light sleep (0.65), deep sleep (0.51), and REM sleep (0.61), with poor wake specificity (0.48).
  • The Personal Activity Intelligence algorithm, though not the Mio SLICE™ device itself, was tested clinically: individuals with a PAI score ≥100 had a 17–23% lower risk of death from cardiovascular diseases.

Methods

  • Critical review; technologies were identified by searching the internet and scientific literature databases such as PubMed using key terms including “technology,” “hydration,” “sweat analysis,” “heart rate,” “respiration,” “biofeedback,” “muscle oxygenation,” “sleep,” “cognitive function,” and “concussion.”
  • Commercial technology websites were examined for links to research, and published research literature was sourced where applicable.
  • Technologies were grouped into categories: hydration/metabolism; training loads, movement patterns, and injury risks; heart rate, HRV, and breathing; sleep; and psychological stress, cognitive function, and concussion. Each was assessed for claimed function, independent validation, reliability/calibration needs, and commercial availability.

Limitations

  • Stated in the paper: the list of products is not exhaustive and is intended as a cross-sectional summary; many technologies have not been independently validated, and rigorous validation is difficult for some products, such as cognitive-function apps, because no single gold-standard neurological measurement exists.
  • Stated in the paper: proprietary algorithms, lack of independent data access, non-random assignment of device use, and possible company budget constraints or reluctance to face public scrutiny restrict validation and open engagement.
  • Evident from the text: the review is narrative and cross-sectional rather than systematic; search and inclusion methods are not reported in enough detail to reproduce the search or assess completeness, and validation status is summarized from selected sources and company websites.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fphys.2018.00743

Cites

51 of 51 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 77 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingnone given

    Around 10% of technologies included in this review have been developed for and used in research.

    “Around 10% of technologies have been developed for and used in research.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    Very few of the wearable and portable hardware devices developed to assess hydration status and metabolism have been independently validated to determine their accuracy and reliability.

    “Very few of the devices have been independently validated to determine their accuracy and reliability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    Some data provided by the OmegaWave (e.g., energy supply, hormonal function, and detoxification) are not measured directly.

    “However, one limitation of the OmegaWave is that some of the data it provides (e.g., energy supply, hormonal function, and detoxification) are not measured directly.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    Only 5% of the technologies included in this review have been formally validated.

    “Only 5% of the technologies have been formally validated.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    Among the technologies included in this review, more than half have not been validated through independent research.

    “Among the technologies included in this review, more than half have not been validated through independent research.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 24
  • May combine two claims. 18

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    The Zephyr sensor, E4 wristband and Reign Active Recovery Band have not been validated independently.

    “The Zephyr sensor, E4 wristband and Reign Active Recovery Band offer a range of physiological and biomechanical data, but these devices have not been validated independently.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    The NeuroTracker application has not been validated.

    “The NeuroTracker application has not been validated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Athos and DynaFeed have not been validated.

    “Other garments including Athos and DynaFeed appear to perform similar functions and are integrated with smart textiles, but have not been validated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Portable devices listed in Table 5 measure fNIRS, and some also measure EEG and EMG.

    “A number of portable devices listed in Table 5 measure fNIRS, and some also measure EEG and EMG.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The Spire device was developed through an extended period of university research.

    “Although this device has not been formally validated in the scientific literature, it was developed through an extended period of university research.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The Advanced Brain Monitoring Sleep Profiler and Zmachine Synergy have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

    “The Advanced Brain Monitoring Sleep Profiler and Zmachine Synergy have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The EyeSync device is not yet commercially available.

    “It is not yet commercially available, and has therefore not been validated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    It is relatively rare for companies producing health and performance technologies to consult with consumers and invest in research.

    “It would seem advisable for companies producing health and performance technologies to consult with consumers to identify real-world needs and to invest in research to prove the effectiveness of their products. However, this seems to be relatively rare.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Many of the sensors vary in accuracy and only record linear and rotational acceleration.

    “Many of the sensors vary in accuracy, and only record linear and rotational acceleration.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Many of the mobile applications for recording and analyzing training loads and injury records record and analyze similar metrics, so it is difficult to differentiate between them.

    “Many of the applications record and analyze similar metrics, so it is difficult to differentiate between them.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The choice of one particular application for recording and analyzing training loads and injury records will most likely be dictated by individual preferences.

    “The choice of one particular application will most likely be dictated by individual preferences.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Although sweat pads/patches are not yet commercially available, they likely offer greater validity than existing commercial devices because they have passed through the rigorous academic peer review process for publication.

    “Although these products are not yet commercially available, they likely offer greater validity than existing commercial devices because they have passed through the rigorous academic peer review process for publication.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Passing through the rigorous academic peer review process for publication confers greater validity on a device than not doing so.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The Mettis Trainer insoles (and Arion insoles in development) could provide some useful feedback on running biomechanics in the field.

    “The Mettis Trainer insoles (and Arion insoles in development) could provide some useful feedback on running biomechanics in the field.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The BSX Insight sleeve is currently designed only for placement on the calf, and may therefore not be usable for measuring muscle oxygenation in other muscle groups.

    “However, one limitation is that the sleeve that houses the device is currently designed only for placement on the calf, and may therefore not be usable for measuring muscle oxygenation in other muscle groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Non-wearable devices for monitoring metabolism such as Breezing and the LEVL device only provide static measurements, and are therefore unlikely to be useful for measuring metabolism in athletes while they exercise.

    “Other non-wearable devices for monitoring metabolism, such as Breezing and the LEVL device, only provide static measurements, and are therefore unlikely to be useful for measuring metabolism in athletes while they exercise.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Oxymon device measuring resting cerebral oxygenation has good short-term reliability (coefficient of variation 12.5%) and long-term reliability (coefficient of variation 15%).

    “Another study using the Oxymon device to measure resting cerebral oxygenation reported good reliability in the short term (coefficient of variation 12.5%) and long term (coefficient of variation 15%) (Claassen et al., 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Claassen et al., 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Oxymon device produces reliable and reproducible measurements of muscle oxygen consumption at rest (coefficient of variation 2.4%) and after exercise (coefficient of variation 10%).

    “A similar device (Oxymon) produced by the same company has been proven to produce reliable and reproducible measurements of muscle oxygen consumption both at rest (coefficient of variation 2.4%) and after exercise (coefficient of variation 10%) (Ryan et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ryan et al., 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These devices can be used by athletes, soldiers and workers involved in physically demanding jobs (e.g., firefighters) to monitor physical strain while they exercise/work, and to assess when they have recovered sufficiently.

    “They can therefore be used by athletes, soldiers and workers involved in physically demanding jobs (e.g., firefighters) to monitor physical strain while they exercise/work, and to assess when they have recovered sufficiently.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The mPower device provides a simple, wireless alternative to more complex EMG equipment.

    “It provides a simple, wireless alternative to more complex EMG equipment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Among the devices listed in Table 2, the I Measure U device is lightweight, compact and offers the greatest versatility.

    “Among these devices listed in Table 2, the I Measure U device is lightweight, compact and offers the greatest versatility.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Although the Moxy, PortaMon, and Oxymon devices are based on the same scientific principles, they vary in terms of the data they produce.

    “Also, although these devices are based on the same scientific principles, they do vary in terms of the data that they produce (McManus et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McManus et al., 2018

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sweat may be used for more detailed metabolomic profiling, but there are many technical and practical issues to consider before this mode of bioanalysis can be adopted routinely.

    “Sweat may be used for more detailed metabolomic profiling, but there are many technical and practical issues to consider before this mode of bioanalysis can be adopted routinely (Hussain et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hussain et al., 2017

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The NeuroTracker application is based around the concept of multiple object tracking, which was established 30 years ago as a research tool.

    “The NeuroTracker application is based around the concept of multiple object tracking, which was established 30 years ago as a research tool (Pylyshyn and Storm, 1988).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pylyshyn and Storm, 1988

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Polysomnography typically requires expensive equipment and technical expertise to set up, and is therefore not appropriate for regular use in a home environment.

    “However, polysomnography typically requires expensive equipment and technical expertise to set up, and is therefore not appropriate for regular use in a home environment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The disposable sensor pads required to measure encephalogram (EEG) signals add an extra ongoing cost.

    “The disposable sensor pads required to measure encephalogram (EEG) signals add an extra ongoing cost.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    NeuroTracker has since been developed as a training tool to improve cognitive functions including attention, working memory, and visual processing speed.

    “NeuroTracker has since been developed as a training tool to improve cognitive functions including attention, working memory, and visual processing speed (Parsons et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Parsons et al., 2016

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These sleep devices offer benefits for monitoring some aspects of sleep, but they also have some technical deficiencies.

    “These devices therefore offer benefits for monitoring some aspects of sleep, but they also have some technical deficiencies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Some companies may not want to have their products tested independently out of a desire to avoid public scrutiny about their validity.

    “Alternatively, some companies may not want to have their products tested independently out of a desire to avoid public scrutiny about their validity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Consumer health technologies can be categorized into those used in validation studies, observational studies, screening of health disorders, and intervention studies.

    “From a research perspective, consumer health technologies can be categorized into those that have been used in validation studies, observational studies, screening of health disorders, and intervention studies (Baron et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Baron et al., 2017

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Public interest in health technologies raises several ethical issues.

    “The ever-expanding public interest in health technologies raises several ethical issues (Van den Bulck, 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Van den Bulck, 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Use of technologies may create an unhealthy obsession with personal health for individuals or their family members who use such technologies.

    “Last, the use of technologies may create an unhealthy (or even harmful) obsession with personal health for individuals or their family members who use such technologies (Van den Bulck, 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Van den Bulck, 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Budget constraints may prevent some companies from engaging in research.

    “Budget constraints may prevent some companies from engaging in research.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    It is difficult to select a single neurological measurement to compare against for cognitive function.

    “For example, cognitive function is underpinned by many different neurological processes. Accordingly, it is difficult to select a single neurological measurement to compare against.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Cognitive function is underpinned by many different neurological processes.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Most consumer health technologies are not labeled as medical devices.

    “Most of these technologies are not labeled as medical devices, yet they do convey explicit or implicit value statements about our standard of health.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Van den Bulck, 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The King-Devick Test has been proven easy to use, reliable, valid, sensitive, and accurate.

    “It has been tested extensively in various clinical settings, and proven to be easy to use, reliable, valid, sensitive, and accurate (Galetta et al., 2011; King et al., 2015; Seidman et al., 2015; Walsh et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Galetta et al., 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites King et al., 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Seidman et al., 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Large population-level self-monitoring is likely to result in many false positives.

    “Second, although self-monitoring may reveal undiagnosed health problems, such monitoring on a large population level is likely to result in many false positives.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Van den Bulck, 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Self-diagnosis based on self-gathered data could be inconsistent with clinical diagnoses provided by medical professionals.

    “First, self-diagnosis based on self-gathered data could be inconsistent with clinical diagnoses provided by medical professionals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Van den Bulck, 2015

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    It is not always possible to attain higher standards of validation.

    “However, it is not always possible to attain higher standards of validation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
38 of 38

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The commercial market for technologies to monitor and improve personal health and sports performance is ever expanding.

    “The commercial market for technologies to monitor and improve personal health and sports performance is ever expanding.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The number and diversity of portable devices, wearable sensors and mobile applications is ever increasing and evolving.

    “However, the number and diversity of portable devices, wearable sensors and mobile applications is ever increasing and evolving.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Passing through the rigorous academic peer review process for publication confers greater validity on a device than not doing so.

    “they likely offer greater validity than existing commercial devices because they have passed through the rigorous academic peer review process for publication.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Consumer technologies are at various stages of development, with some not properly tested.

    “This technology is at various stages of development: some has been independently tested to determine its reliability and validity, whereas other technology has not been properly tested.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Users will be aware of what they are doing (i.e., resting or exercising) during monitoring periods.

    “But it is probably safe to assume that users will be aware of what they are doing (i.e., resting or exercising) during monitoring periods.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Sleep technologies offer benefits for anyone suffering sleep problems arising from chronic disease, anxiety, depression, medication, travel/work schedules, and environmental factors.

    “Sleep technologies offer benefits for anyone suffering sleep problems arising from chronic disease (e.g., sleep apnea), anxiety, depression, medication, travel/work schedules, and environmental factors (e.g., noise, light, ambient temperature).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Biofeedback on emotional state can assist in modifying personal appraisal of situations, understanding motivation to perform, and informing emotional development.

    “Biofeedback on emotional state can assist in modifying personal appraisal of situations, understanding motivation to perform, and informing emotional development.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    These devices require some expertise and specialist training.

    “These devices require some expertise and specialist training.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Cognitive function is underpinned by many different neurological processes.

    “For example, cognitive function is underpinned by many different neurological processes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Concussion is a common occurrence in sport, combat situations, the workplace, and in vehicular accidents.

    “Concussion is a common occurrence in sport, combat situations, the workplace, and in vehicular accidents.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is an ever-growing need for simple, valid, reliable, and objective methods to evaluate the severity of concussion, and to monitor recovery.

    “There is an ever-growing need for simple, valid, reliable, and objective methods to evaluate the severity of concussion, and to monitor recovery.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The King-Devick Test is simple to use.

    “Because the King-Devick Test® is simple to use, it does not require any medical training, and is therefore suitable for use in the field by anyone.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Independent scientific validation provides the strongest level of support for technology.

    “Independent scientific validation provides the strongest level of support for technology.”
13 of 13

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Fitbit Flex validation status conflicts with the text

    Minor

    Table 4 marks the Fitbit Flex as not validated, but the text describes studies comparing it with polysomnography and reporting findings similar to those of a validated sleep tracker.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Puddy, 2011, Understanding Evidence Part 1: Best Available Research Evidence. A Guide to the Continuum of Evidence of Effectiveness

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Peake, J. M., Kerr, G., & Sullivan, J. P.
Affiliations
Queensland University of Technology (AU)
Corresponding author
Peake, Jonathan M.
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Physiology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2018-06-28
Volume
9
Pages
743-743
ISSN
1664-042X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fphys.2018.00743
PMC
PMC6031746
OpenAlex
W2807447523
Semantic Scholar
922780d352cf887774d2ed78cd1cfe28884e066b
Cited by
523
References
51
Citations by year
2026: 44 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 1
FWCI
4.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Physiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems
Keywords
biofeedback, stress monitoring, sleep monitoring, smartwatches, wearable sensors, mobile health apps, sports performance monitoring, technology validation, reliability statistics, physically active population, concussion, sweat analysis, cardiorespiratory monitoring, consumer product selection

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