The King-Devick test as a determinant of head trauma and concussion in boxers and MMA fighters

Galetta, K.M.; Barrett, J.; Allen, M.; Madda, F.; Delicata, D.; Tennant, A.T.; Branas, C.C.; Maguire, M.G.; Messner, L.V.; Devick, S.; Galetta, S.L.; Balcer, L.J.

doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31821184c9

Cited by 302Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchSports injuries and preventionMartial Arts: Techniques, Psychology, and Education

The King-Devick test as a determinant of head trauma and concussion in boxers and MMA fighters

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Galetta, K.M., Barrett, J., Allen, M., Madda, F., Delicata, D., Tennant, A.T., Branas, C.C., Maguire, M.G. +4 more·2011·Neurology

DOI 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31821184c9PMC PMC3087467

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Sports-related concussion has received increasing attention as a cause of short- and long-term neurologic symptoms among athletes. The King-Devick (K-D) test is based on measurement of the speed of rapid number naming (reading aloud single-digit numbers from 3 test cards), and captures impairment of eye movements, attention, language, and other correlates of suboptimal brain function. We investigated the K-D test as a potential rapid sideline screening for concussion in a cohort of boxers and mixed martial arts fighters. METHODS: The K-D test was administered prefight and postfight. The Military Acute Concussion Evaluation (MACE) was administered as a more comprehensive but longer test for concussion. Differences in postfight K-D scores and changes in scores from prefight to postfight were compared for athletes with head trauma during the fight vs those without. RESULTS: Postfight K-D scores (n = 39 participants) were significantly higher (worse) for those with head trauma during the match (59.1 ± 7.4 vs 41.0 ± 6.7 seconds, p < 0.0001, Wilcoxon rank sum test). Those with loss of consciousness showed the greatest worsening from prefight to postfight. Worse postfight K-D scores (r(s) = -0.79, p = 0.0001) and greater worsening of scores (r(s) = 0.90, p < 0.0001) correlated well with postfight MACE scores. Worsening of K-D scores by ≥5 seconds was a distinguishing characteristic noted only among participants with head trauma. High levels of test-retest reliability were observed (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.97 [95% confidence interval 0.90-1.0]). CONCLUSIONS: The K-D test is an accurate and reliable method for identifying athletes with head trauma, and is a strong candidate rapid sideline screening test for concussion.

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Worsening King-Devick Test scores were restricted to boxers with head trauma.
“They discovered that worsening scores for the King-Devick Test® were restricted to boxers with head trauma.”
From A Critical Review of Consumer Wearables, Mobile Applications, and Equipment for Providing Biofeedback, Monitoring Stress, and Sleep in Physically Active Populations (2018) · cites this paper as Galetta et al., 2011
King-Devick Test scores correlated with Military Acute Concussion Evaluation scores (ρ = 90; p = 0.0001).
“These scores also correlated (ρ = 90; p = 0.0001) with scores from the Military Acute Concussion Evaluation”
From A Critical Review of Consumer Wearables, Mobile Applications, and Equipment for Providing Biofeedback, Monitoring Stress, and Sleep in Physically Active Populations (2018) · cites this paper as Galetta et al., 2011
The King-Devick Test showed high test-retest reliability (ICC 0.97 [95% CI 0.90-1.0]).
“and showed high test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.97 [95% confidence interval 0.90–1.0]).”
From A Critical Review of Consumer Wearables, Mobile Applications, and Equipment for Providing Biofeedback, Monitoring Stress, and Sleep in Physically Active Populations (2018) · cites this paper as Galetta et al., 2011

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Authors: Galetta, K. M., Barrett, J., Allen, M., Madda, F., Delicata, D., Tennant, A. T., Branas, C. C., Maguire, M. G., Messner, L. V., Devick, S., Galetta, S. L., & Balcer, L. J.
Affiliations: Illinois College of Optometry (US)
Corresponding author: Balcer, L.J.
ORCID: Galetta, K.M.
Branas, C.C.
Devick, S.
Galetta, S.L.
Balcer, L.J.
Venue: Neurology
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2011-04-26
Volume: 76
Issue: 17
Pages: 1456-1462
ISSN: 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
1526-632X
DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31821184c9
PMC: PMC3087467
OpenAlex: W1987764148
Cited by: 302
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 13.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Neurology (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports injuries and prevention
Social Sciences › Safety Research › Martial Arts: Techniques, Psychology, and Education
Keywords: King-Devick test, sports-related concussion, head trauma, boxers, loss of consciousness, test-retest reliability
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Boxing, Brain Concussion, Female, Craniocerebral Trauma, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Reaction Time, Reading, Statistics as Topic, Reproducibility of Results, Cohort Studies, Trauma Severity Indices, Martial Arts, Young Adult

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The King-Devick test as a determinant of head trauma and concussion in boxers and MMA fighters

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