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Compassion in Health Care: An Empirical Model
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Compassion is frequently referenced as a hallmark of quality care by patients, health care providers, health care administrators, and policy makers. Despite its putative centrality, including its institution in recent health care reform, an empirical understanding based on the perspectives of patients, the recipients of compassion, is lacking-making compassion one of the most referenced yet poorly understood elements of quality care. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate palliative cancer patients' understanding and experiences of compassion to provide a critical perspective on the nature and importance of compassion. METHODS: This grounded theory study used semi-structured interviews to investigate how patients understand and experience compassion in clinical care. Using convenience and theoretical sampling, 53 advanced cancer inpatients were recruited over a seven-month period from a specialized palliative care unit and hospital-wide palliative care service within a Canadian urban setting. Data were analyzed by four members of the research team through the three stages of Straussian grounded theory. RESULTS: Qualitative analysis yielded seven categories, each containing distinct themes and subthemes. Together, they constitute components of the compassion model-the first empirically based clinical model of compassion. The model defines compassion as a virtuous response that seeks to address the suffering and needs of a person through relational understanding and action. CONCLUSION: The components of the compassion model provide insight into how patients understand and experience compassion, providing the necessary empirical foundation to develop future research, measures, training, and clinical care based on this vital feature of quality care.
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“The authors note however that, compassion qualities can be cultivated or eroded over time, with practice setting being one of the most powerful modifiers.”
From Mindfulness and compassion-oriented practices at work reduce distress and enhance self-care of palliative care teams: a mixed-method evaluation of an "on the job" program. (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
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“Thus, although the roots of compassion seem to be innate, current evidence suggests that training, including meditation, can help to sustain compassion and nurture it over time.”
From Mindfulness and compassion-oriented practices at work reduce distress and enhance self-care of palliative care teams: a mixed-method evaluation of an "on the job" program. (2018) · cites this paper as [73]
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“They concluded that patient’s perceived compassion as being rooted in the virtues of their health care provider, generating the first evidence-based definition of compassion—a virtuous response that seeks to address the suffering and needs of a person through relational understanding and action.”
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Self-citationCompassion: a scoping review of the healthcare literature
Sinclair, S., Norris, J. M., McConnell, S. J., Chochinov, H. M., Hack, T. F., Hagen, N. A., McClement, S., & Bouchal, S. R. (2016) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-016-0080-0 · Cited by 507
“Above all, future research on the nature of compassion and its application in clinical practice needs to incorporate the perspective of patients [110], who desperately desire and increasingly expect compassion to be a core component of their healthcare experience.”
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Sinclair, S., Raffin-Bouchal, S., Venturato, L., Mijovic-Kondejewski, J., & Smith-MacDonald, L. (2017) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.01.003 · Cited by 542
“…that does not measure any elements of compassion itself (Ledoux, 2015; Bride et al., 2007), which is an inherently relational care construct, anchored in action aimed at relieving suffering (Bramley and Matiti, 2014; Van der Cingel, 2011; Sinclair et al., 2016a,b; Fernando and Consedine, 2014a,b).”
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Self-citationArtificial intelligence technologies and compassion in healthcare: A systematic scoping review
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Compassion in healthcare: an updated scoping review of the literature
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“This finding leads to the question of how compassion can be developed in the case of health care providers and is also in consonance with the research work on healthcare compassion published recently by Sinclair and colleagues [6, 73, 74].”
ResultSelf-citationSinclair, S., Hack, T. F., Raffin‐Bouchal, S., McClement, S., Stajduhar, K., Singh, P., Hagen, N. A., Sinnarajah, A., & Chochinov, H. M. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019701 · Cited by 172
“This study conceptualised compassion within healthcare from the perspective of HCPs, extending our previous research on patients’ perspectives.(19) While we had anticipated that the Healthcare Provider Compassion Model would be depicted in a distinct fashion to the Patient Compassion Model,(19) our analysis revealed t…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationCompassionate Care in Healthcare Systems: A Systematic Review
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What Is the State of Compassion Education? A Systematic Review of Compassion Training in Health Care
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Self-citationMeasuring Compassion in Healthcare: A Comprehensive and Critical Review
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Self-citationCompassion training in healthcare: what are patients’ perspectives on training healthcare providers?
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Qualities, teaching, and measurement of compassion in nursing: A systematic review
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More than a feeling? What does compassion in healthcare ‘look like’ to patients?
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“Selfless attributes such as virtues of humility, kindness and benevolence have been previously identified by both patients and HCPs as motivators of compassion (Shane Sinclair, 2018; S. Sinclair, McClement, et al., 2016).”
InfluentialSelf-citationSinclair, S., Kondejewski, J., Jaggi, P., Ordons, A. R. D., Kassam, A., Hayden, A., Harris, D., & Hack, T. F. (2021) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-021-02863-w · Cited by 73
“Program content should also map to the dimensions of compassion [11, 53] as the majority of programs identified in the present review were based on the philosophy and theory of existing leadership training programs, quality improvement, patient centeredness or teambuilding rather than compassion itself - which often f…”
BackgroundSelf-citationSpiritual Care as a Core Component of Palliative Nursing
Miller, M. E., Addicott, K., & Rosa, W. E. (2023) · AJN American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.naj.0000919748.95749.e5 · Cited by 64
“Compassion opens space for people to share their regrets and tragedies, as well as to grieve the loss of their greatest joys and love.(24) When we can practice being compassionately present for ourselves and our own needs, leaning in and getting closer to patients’ suffering can build resilience instead of burnout.”
BackgroundInfluentialPsychotherapy at the End of Life
Saracino, R. M., Rosenfeld, B. D., BREITBART, W. S., & Chochinov, H. M. (2019) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2019.1674552 · Cited by 63
Self-citationEmbodying compassion: A systematic review of the views of nurses and patients
Durkin, J., Usher, K. J., & Jackson, D. W. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.14722 · Cited by 74
Healthcare providers perspectives on compassion training: a grounded theory study
Sinclair, S., Hack, T. F., McClement, S., Raffin‐Bouchal, S., Chochinov, H. M., & Hagen, N. A. (2020) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-020-02164-8 · Cited by 67
Self-citationSinclair, S., Hack, T. F., MacInnis, C. C., Jaggi, P., Boss, H., McClement, S., Sinnarajah, A., & Thompson, G. N. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045988 · Cited by 61
Self-citationNurses’, patients’, and family caregivers’ perceptions of compassionate nursing care
Tehranineshat, B., Rakhshan, M., Torabizadeh, C., & Fararouei, M. (2018) · Nursing Ethics · doi:10.1177/0969733018777884 · Cited by 59
“Experts believe that all healthcare professionals should receive education on compassion and consider it the center of care competency.(11) Compassion is a deep feeling of connecting to human-being’s suffering, a moral response to suffering, and can lead to patient care with comfort.”
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“[38] where compassion is evaluated through a semi-structured interview model with seven key categories: virtues, relational space, virtuous response, seeking to understand, relational communicating, attending to needs and patients reported outcomes, which in turn are broken down into 27 topics and 18 sub-themes.”
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Learning compassionate care: Experiences of nursing students
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Self-citationUnderstanding compassion for people with dementia in medical and nursing students
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“suffering and needs of a person through relational understanding and action’ [5].”
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“Sinclair et al (2016) suggest that although compassion in nursing may be positively influenced by education, compassion fundamentally arises from intrinsic personal attributes.”
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“In consonance with the compassion model in palliative care, nurses described using nonverbal communication to engage in relational communication and attend to the patients’ spiritual needs.(14) Patients’ spiritual needs were a trigger for nurse compassion.”
BackgroundPatient's views of empathic and compassionate healthcare interactions: A scoping review
Barker, M., Leach, K. J. T., & Levett-Jones, T. L. (2023) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105957 · Cited by 39
COMPASSION AND SELF-COMPASSION IN MEDICINE
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Sinclair, S., Kondejewski, J., Hack, T. F., Boss, H., & MacInnis, C. C. (2022) · Patient · doi:10.1007/s40271-022-00571-1 · Cited by 38
“This in turn negatively impacts content coverage, item development, validity, and reliability, and produces a measure that assesses compassion in an incomplete fashion [1, 29, 42, 44, 45, 94, 95].”
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Self-citationCreating a compassion system to achieve efficiency and quality in health care delivery
Vogus, T. J., McClelland, L. E., Lee, Y. S. H., McFadden, K. L., & Hu, X. (2021) · Journal of Service Management · doi:10.1108/josm-05-2019-0132 · Cited by 34
Compassion in Pediatric Healthcare: A Scoping Review
Sinclair, S., Kondejewski, J., Schulte, F., Letourneau, N. L., Kuhn, S., Raffin‐Bouchal, S., Guilcher, G. M. T., & Strother, D. R. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2019.12.009 · Cited by 33
Self-citationDeveloping compassion and emotional intelligence in nursing students: A quasi‐experimental study
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Understanding the concept of compassion from the perspectives of nurses
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The expression and receipt of compassion through touch in a health setting; a qualitative study
Durkin, J., Jackson, D. W., & Usher, K. J. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14766 · Cited by 31
Straughair, C. (2019) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2019.02.002 · Cited by 23
Compassion in pediatric oncology: A patient, parent and healthcare provider empirical model
Sinclair, S., Bouchal, S. R., Schulte, F., Guilcher, G. M. T., Kuhn, S., Rapoport, A., Punnett, A., Fernandez, C. V., Letourneau, N. L., & Chung, J. Y. Y. (2021) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5737 · Cited by 29
Self-citationRelational inquiry approach for developing deeper awareness of patient suffering
Younas, A. (2020) · Nursing Ethics · doi:10.1177/0969733020912523 · Cited by 28
“In the health and nursing literature, compassion is theorized as a relational, intentional, and ethical response to recognize, understand, and alleviate patients’ suffering.(4,6,7,33,34) The various accounts and definitions of compassion indicate that compassion and suffering are integral to each other, and compassion…”
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South Asian patients’ perceptions and experiences of compassion in healthcare
Singh, P., King‐Shier, K. M., & Sinclair, S. (2020) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2020.1722068 · Cited by 27
“Despite the recognition of cultural variance in experiences of compassion, a systematic review on compassion in healthcare identified that most of studies on compassion have been limited to Western settings, significantly limiting the generalizability of study findings to diverse ethnic populations, highlighting the n…”
BackgroundSelf-citationSinclair, S., Jaggi, P., Hack, T. F., McClement, S., & Cuthbertson, L. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Measurement · doi:10.1891/jnm-d-19-00020 · Cited by 27
“…that informed this process, our research team decided that the level of measurement was thematic, as we felt confident that the themes within the PCM (Figure 3; Sinclair et al., 2016) accurately and comprehensively depicted the key components associated with patients’ experiences of compassion.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationCoping with diabetes: Provider attributes that influence type 2 diabetes adherence
Freeman-Hildreth, Y., Aron, D. C., Cola, P. A., & Wang, Y. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214713 · Cited by 27
Kavradım, S. T., Akgün, M., Özer, Z., & Boz, İ. (2019) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2019.102652 · Cited by 28
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Caring from the heart as belonging—The basis for mediating compassion
Hemberg, J. A. V., & Gustin, L. W. (2020) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.438 · Cited by 24
Predictors of Medical Students’ Compassion and Related Constructs: A Systematic Review
Wang, C. X. Y., Pavlova, A., Boggiss, A. L., O’Callaghan, A., & Consedine, N. S. (2022) · Teaching and Learning in Medicine · doi:10.1080/10401334.2022.2103816 · Cited by 24
“41,42 This review systematizes a wide range of literature to provide empirical support for this suggestion in a medical student population, while also highlighting several areas that could benefit from future research.”
BackgroundA scoping review of the self-reported compassion measurement tools
Jiang, H., Wang, W., Mei, Y., Zhao, Z., Lin, B., & Zhang, Z. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17178-2 · Cited by 28
“S. Sinclair, et al. [72] also developed a compassion model to guide the construction of the Sinclair compassion questionnaire.”
MethodMore than just a task: intimate care delivery in the nursing home
Thompson, G. N., McClement, S., Peters, S., Hack, T. F., Chochinov, H. M., & Funk, L. M. (2021) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2021.1943123 · Cited by 23
“The positive outcomes in our study resonate with the work of Sinclair et al. (2016) and included residents feeling heard and respected, and the preservation of psychological integrity.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBaker, L. R., Martimianakis, M. A., Nasirzadeh, Y., Northup, E., Gold, K., Friesen, F., Bhatia, A., & Ng, S. (2018) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000002373 · Cited by 23
Sinclair, S., Jaggi, P., Hack, T. F., McClement, S., Raffin‐Bouchal, S., & Singh, P. (2018) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-018-0358-5 · Cited by 41
“It is nonetheless insufficient for healthcare providers (HCPs) to simply possess virtues, as these good and noble qualities need to be coupled with understanding and action, aimed at alleviating the suffering of another person to be considered compassion [1].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBurgers, V. W. G., van den Bent, M. J., Darlington, A., van Weezel, A. E. G., Compter, A., Tromp, J. M., Lalisang, R. I., Kouwenhoven, M. C. M., Dirven, L., Harthoorn, N. C. G. L., et al. (2022) · ESMO Open · doi:10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100476 · Cited by 22
“It is considered as the next step beyond empathy, in which you take some emotional distance to empower yourself to help others while setting boundaries for yourself, which will potentially positively impact patient and HCP.(29,33) Therefore, we recommend compassion training and regular planned deliberation on situatio…”
BackgroundBond, C., Hui, A., Timmons, S., Wildbore, E. L., & Sinclair, S. (2022) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2022.2118692 · Cited by 22
“This is then expressed virtuously from HCP to the person receiving care (Sinclair et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHofmeyer, A. T., Toffoli, L., Vernon, R., Taylor, R., Fontaine, D. K., Klopper, H. C., & Coetzee, S. K. (2016) · Contemporary Issues in Education Research (CIER) · doi:10.19030/cier.v9i4.9790 · Cited by 22
“The intention to act to relieve the suffering of others distinguishes compassion from other virtuous qualities (Sinclair et al., 2016a; Maben et al., 2010; Papadopoulos & Ali, 2016; Schantz, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSpiritual Distress in Family Members of Critically Ill Patients: Perceptions and Experiences
Ordons, A. R. D., Stelfox, H. T., Sinuff, T., Grindrod-Millar, K., Smiechowski, J., & Sinclair, S. (2019) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2019.0235 · Cited by 24
“…of addressing spiritual distress, the basic principles align with well-characterized approaches to building rapport 25 and models of compassion, 26,27 where establishing a therapeutic relationship is foundational to talking about spiritual distress and helping families feel supported…”
Self-citationA Narrative Approach to Spirituality and Spiritual Care in Health Care
Lasair, S. (2019) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-019-00912-9 · Cited by 22
Targeted intervention for family and professional caregivers: Attachment, empathy, and compassion
Vachon, M. L. S. (2016) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216315624279 · Cited by 24
King, G. A. (2021) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2021.1982026 · Cited by 21
Exploring Compassion from the Perspective of Health Care Professionals Working in Palliative Care
Ferraz, S. L., O’Connor, M., & Mazzucchelli, T. G. (2020) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2019.0682 · Cited by 22
Sinclair, S., Harris, D., Kondejewski, J., Ordons, A. R. D., Jaggi, P., & Hack, T. F. (2022) · Teaching and Learning in Medicine · doi:10.1080/10401334.2021.2017941 · Cited by 20
Self-citationCompassion Competence Among Nursing Students From Different Cultures: A Multinational Study
Samson-Akpan, P. E., Lee, Y., Al‐Jubouri, M. B., Cayaban, A. R., & John, M. E. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Education · doi:10.3928/01484834-20220404-13 · Cited by 19
Transcultural Pain Management: Theory, Practice, and Nurse-Client Partnerships
Rosa, W. E. (2017) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2017.10.007 · Cited by 19
“Compassion has been defined as ‘‘a virtuous response that seeks to address the suffering and needs of a person through relational understanding and action’’ (Sinclair et al., 2016, p. 193).”
BackgroundBoss, H., MacInnis, C., Simon, R., Jackson, J., Lahtinen, M., & Sinclair, S. (2024) · BMC Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12873-024-01040-8 · Cited by 18
“”[5 p.195] Compassion has potential to alleviate patient suffering and contribute to improved quality care [5, 7–9].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCompassion, emotions and cognition: Implications for nursing education
Raustøl, A., & Tveit, B. (2022) · Nursing Ethics · doi:10.1177/09697330221128903 · Cited by 19
“Several authors argue that whether a person is compassionate is more or less outside their control, and that therefore it is problematic to require compassion of professionals.(7,20,21) Compassion is mostly a matter of whether they are exposed to the right kind of experiences and whether they experience compassion as…”
BackgroundImportance of empathy among medical doctors to ensure high-quality healthcare level
Haque, M. (2019) · Advances in Human Biology · doi:10.4103/aihb.aihb_44_18 · Cited by 18
Oliver, A., Galiana, L., Simone, G. G. D., Tomás, J. M., Arena, F., Linzitto, J. P., Grance, G., & Sansó, N. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9010081 · Cited by 24
“Compassion or “suffering with”[2] has been defined as “a virtuous response that seeks to address the suffering and needs of a person through relational understanding and action”[3].”
BackgroundCaycho‐Rodríguez, T., Vilca, L. W., Plante, T. G., Carbajal‐León, C., Cabrera-Orosco, I., Cadena, C. H. G., & Reyes-Bossio, M. A. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00949-0 · Cited by 20
“In addition, evaluating the level of compassion in health sciences students may help develop individual learning programs seeking to improve this and other important qualities for patient care (Sinclair et al., 2016).”
BackgroundThe concept of compassion within UK media‐generated discourse: A corpus‐informed analysis
Bond, C., Stacey, G., Field‐Richards, S. E., Callaghan, P., Keeley, P., Lymn, J., Redsell, S. A., & Spiby, H. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.14496 · Cited by 17
Holzer, K. J., Bollepalli, H., Carron, J., Yaeger, L., Avidan, M. S., Lenze, E. J., & Abraham, J. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.110 · Cited by 18
Spiritual care, compassion and associated factors of midwives working in delivery rooms
Akın, B., Aksoy, Y. E., & Yılmaz, S. D. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.12980 · Cited by 16
Mascaro, J. S., Palmer, P. K., Willson, M., Ash, M. J., Florian, M. P., Srivastava, M., Sharma, A., Jarrell, B., Walker, E. R., Kaplan, D. M., et al. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01907-6 · Cited by 20
“A more recent set of studies has produced an influential model for compassion in healthcare using mixed-methods approaches to examine clinical compassion from diverse patients’ perspectives (Sinclair et al., 2016, 2017; Singh et al., 2018).”
MethodYounas, A., Porr, C., Maddigan, J., Moore, J., Navarro, P., & Whitehead, D. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16542 · Cited by 16
Rouleau, G., Wu, K., Parry, M. J. E., Richard, L., & Desveaux, L. (2024) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076231224072 · Cited by 16
Marshman, C., Allen, J., Ling, D., & Brand, G. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16998 · Cited by 16
Compassionate Care: Benefits, Barriers and Recommendations
Sarıbudak, T. P. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.14744/phd.2020.88557 · Cited by 16
Durkin, J., Jackson, D. W., & Usher, K. J. (2020) · Contemporary Nurse · doi:10.1080/10376178.2020.1759437 · Cited by 16
Sinclair, S., Jaggi, P., Hack, T. F., Russell, L. B., McClement, S., Cuthbertson, L., Selman, L. E., & Leget, C. J. W. (2020) · Patient · doi:10.1007/s40271-020-00409-8 · Cited by 15
“The PCM delineates the key components of compassion and their relationship to one another, including delineating it from sympathy and empathy [4, 14].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMental health nurses' constructions of compassion: A discourse analysis
Bond, C., Hui, A., Timmons, S., & Charles, A. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13026 · Cited by 15
Posa, S., Wasilewski, M. B., Mercer, S. W., Simpson, S., Robinson, L. R., & Simpson, R. (2022) · International Journal of Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.1097/mrr.0000000000000542 · Cited by 17
Compassion in the Clinical Context: Constrained, Distributed, and Adaptive
Ordons, A. R. D., MacIsaac, L., Hui, J., Everson, J., & Ellaway, R. (2019) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-019-05467-9 · Cited by 13
The Behavioural Display of Compassion in Radiation Therapy: Purpose, Meaning and Interpretation
Taylor, A., & Hodgson, D. (2020) · Journal of medical imaging and radiation sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jmir.2020.08.003 · Cited by 14
Nyongesa, M. K., Mwatasa, M. H., Kagonya, V., Mwambingu, G., Ngetsa, C., Newton, C. R. J. C., & Abubakar, A. A. (2022) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07428-w · Cited by 14
“The adherence approach should follow the caring, respectful and compassionate model of care [43].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Sinclair, S., McClement, S., Raffin-Bouchal, S., Hack, T. F., Hagen, N. A., McConnell, S., & Chochinov, H. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- CancerCare Manitoba (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Sinclair, Shane
- Venue
- Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 193-203
- ISSN
- 0885-3924 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1912558312
- Cited by
- 328
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10
- FWCI
- 11.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Pain and Symptom Management (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (125931)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Empathy and Medical Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative and Oncologic Care
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
- Keywords
- compassion, palliative care, advanced cancer, patient experience, quality of care, patient suffering, relational understanding
- MeSH terms
- Canada, Empathy, Female, Humans, Inpatients, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Theoretical, Neoplasms, Palliative Care, Urban Population, Qualitative Research
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