Photodynamic therapy of oral Candida infection in a mouse model
Open accessAbstract
Species of the fungal genus Candida, can cause oral candidiasis especially in immunosuppressed patients. Many studies have investigated the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to kill fungi in vitro, but this approach has seldom been reported in animal models of infection. This study investigated the effects of PDT on Candida albicans as biofilms grown in vitro and also in an immunosuppressed mouse model of oral candidiasis infection. We used a luciferase-expressing strain that allowed non-invasive monitoring of the infection by bioluminescence imaging. The phenothiazinium salts, methylene blue (MB) and new methylene blue (NMB) were used as photosensitizers (PS), combined or not with potassium iodide (KI), and red laser (660nm) at four different light doses (10J, 20J, 40J and 60J). The best in vitro log reduction of CFU/ml on biofilm grown cells was: MB plus KI with 40J (2.31 log; p<0.001); and NMB without KI with 60J (1.77 log; p<0.001). These conditions were chosen for treating the in vivo model of oral Candida infection. After 5days of treatment the disease was practically eradicated, especially using MB plus KI with 40J. This study suggests that KI can potentiate PDT of fungal infection using MB (but not NMB) and could be a promising new approach for the treatment of oral candidiasis.
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Many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of phenothiazine dyes such as methylene blue, new methylene blue, and toluidine blue in PDT for the reduction of fungi.
“Many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of phenothiazine dyes such as methylene blue, new methylene blue, and toluidine blue in PDT for the reduction of fungi [256,258,259,261].”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [256]
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- Authors
- Freire, F., Ferraresi, C., Jorge, A. O. C., & Hamblin, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hamblin, Michael R.
- Venue
- Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-06
- Volume
- 159
- Pages
- 161-168
- ISSN
- 1011-1344 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4854815
- OpenAlex
- W2334096763
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 10.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (2014/25772-9)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral Health Pathology and Treatment
- Keywords
- photodynamic therapy, oral candidiasis, Candida albicans, fungal biofilms, methylene blue, new methylene blue, potassium iodide, photosensitizers, bioluminescence imaging, red laser irradiation, antifungal therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Candidiasis, Oral, Disease Models, Animal, Male, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Photochemotherapy, Photosensitizing Agents, Mice
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