Decision-making under uncertainty in obsessive–compulsive disorder

“, 1989a)) and severity of depression using Hamilton Depression–17 scale (HAM-D17 (Hamilton, 1960)).”

“Within 1 week of behavioral testing we assessed severity of obsessions and compulsions using Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS (Goodman et al., 1989b; Goodman et al., 1989a)) and severity of depression using Hamilton Depression–17 scale (HAM-D17 (Hamilton, 1960)).”

“Impairments in value-based decision formation may cut across traditional diagnostic boundaries (Insel et al., 2010; Dichter et al., 2012), which calls for measures that can detect both an overall impairment in value-based decision formation and particular abnormalities in distinct disease states.”

“Past studies, however, have used more complicated decision tasks, the IGT (Bechara et al., 1994) and the Game of Dice Task (Brand et al.”

“The results from the two models were almost identical for both OCD patients and Controls (SM S.10); we present the results from one of the two models (Gilboa and Schmeidler, 1989).”

“Within 1 week of behavioral testing we assessed severity of obsessions and compulsions using Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS (Goodman et al., 1989b; Goodman et al., 1989a)) and severity of depression using Hamilton Depression–17 scale (HAM-D17 (Hamilton, 1960)).”

“Decision-making studies, across psychology, economics, and neurobiology, generally assume that individuals aim to maximize some subjective measure of expected value (Rangel et al., 2008).”

“Of note, the circuitry that is linked to valuation (Bartra et al, 2013) is abnormal in OCD (Maia et al., 2008; Menzies et al., 2008).”

“Previous research has shown that individual risk attitudes are largely independent of individual ambiguity attitudes (Camerer and Weber, 1992; Huettel et al., 2006; Cohen et al., 1987; Tymula et al., 2012), stressing the significance of examining both in clinical populations.”

“We fit the choice data of each participant with the two most prominent models ((Gilboa and Schmeidler, 1989) and (Hsu et al., 2005); SM S.9), and calculated the goodness of fit, measured by R2, for each individual participant.”

“Of note, the circuitry that is linked to valuation (Bartra et al, 2013) is abnormal in OCD (Maia et al., 2008; Menzies et al., 2008).”

“…with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often exhibit indecisiveness, pathological doubt, and avoidance of uncertainty (Rasmussen and Eisen, 1992; Reed, 1985; Tolin et al., 2003), even when the task at hand is unrelated to their primary symptomatology (Hamilton, 1957).”

“Previous research has shown that individual risk attitudes are largely independent of individual ambiguity attitudes (Camerer and Weber, 1992; Huettel et al., 2006; Cohen et al., 1987; Tymula et al., 2012), stressing the significance of examining both in clinical populations.”

“Fifteen out of 20 OCD patients also completed a Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DYBOCS), which provides continuous measures of different OCD symptom dimensions (Rosario-Campos et al., 2006).”

“We employed the Risk and Ambiguity task (Levy et al., 2010), which has been previously validated in healthy individuals (Tymula et al.”

“Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often exhibit indecisiveness, pathological doubt, and avoidance of uncertainty (Rasmussen and Eisen, 1992; Reed, 1985; Tolin et al., 2003), even when the task at hand is unrelated to their primary symptomatology (Hamilton, 1957).”

“Furthermore, abnormal performance on IGT does not clarify what basic process is impaired: valuation and value-based choice, or learning and forming beliefs about the environment (Buelow and Suhr, 2009).”

“, 1994) and the Game of Dice Task (Brand et al., 2005).”

“We employed the Risk and Ambiguity task (Levy et al., 2010), which has been previously validated in healthy individuals (Tymula et al., 2012; Tymula et al., 2013).”

“Of note, the circuitry that is linked to valuation (Bartra et al, 2013) is abnormal in OCD (Maia et al., 2008; Menzies et al., 2008).”

“Deficits in this domain, however, are consistent with evidence from other investigations (Figee et al., 2011).”

“We employed the Risk and Ambiguity task (Levy et al., 2010), which has been previously validated in healthy individuals (Tymula et al., 2012; Tymula et al., 2013).”

“Previous research has shown that individual risk attitudes are largely independent of individual ambiguity attitudes (Camerer and Weber, 1992; Huettel et al., 2006; Cohen et al., 1987; Tymula et al., 2012), stressing the significance of examining both in clinical populations.”

“Recent studies (Dar, 2004; Stern et al., 2013; Banca et al., 2014) have focused on these questions and found that OCD are less confident in their choices, and more uncertain regarding whether their actions have been performed correctly.”

“For instance, individuals with OCD have abnormal activation patterns in the valuation network, which includes the orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus (Cavallaro et al., 2003), consistent with the proposition that valuation, a central process of value-based decision formation, might be impaired in OCD.”

“…M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript The idea that ambiguity, but not risk, avoidance may be abnormal in OCD has been suggested previously (Starcke et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2015) and has been proposed as a potential endophenotype for OCD (Zhang et al., 2015).”

“Recent studies (Dar, 2004; Stern et al., 2013; Banca et al., 2014) have focused on these questions and found that OCD are less confident in their choices, and more uncertain regarding whether their actions have been performed correctly.”

“Recent studies (Dar, 2004; Stern et al., 2013; Banca et al., 2014) have focused on these questions and found that OCD are less confident in their choices, and more uncertain regarding whether their actions have been performed correctly.”

“The idea that ambiguity, but not risk, avoidance may be abnormal in OCD has been suggested previously (Starcke et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2015) and has been proposed as a potential endophenotype for OCD (Zhang et al.”

“In the ANCOVA analyses, the task measures were dependent variables, group (OCD vs. Controls) was the independent variable.”

“, 2003), even when the task at hand is unrelated to their primary symptomatology (Hamilton, 1957).”

“Impairments in value-based decision formation may cut across traditional diagnostic boundaries (Insel et al., 2010; Dichter et al., 2012), which calls for measures that can detect both an overall impairment in value-based decision formation and particular abnormalities in distinct disease states.”

“…that OCD patients show both less consistent behavior (as predicted in the case of increased transition uncertainty), and increased avoidance (implying intolerance) of ambiguous choices (characterized by uncertainty regarding states and state transitions; Pushkarskaya et al., 2017, 2015).”