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The landscape of cognitive function in recovered COVID-19 patients
Open accessAbstract
This study aims to evaluate the impacts of COVID-19 on cognitive functions in recovered patients and its relationship with inflammatory profiles. Twenty-nine patients recovered from COVID-19 as confirmed by negative nucleic tests for two consecutive times were recruited. A total of 29 age-, gender- and education-matched healthy controls were also recruited. The cognitive functions of all subjects were evaluated by the iPad-based online neuropsychological tests, including the Trail Making Test (TMT), Sign Coding Test (SCT), Continuous Performance Test (CPT), and Digital Span Test (DST). Blood samples from all patients were collected for examining inflammatory profiles, including interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and C-reactive protein (CRP). The relationship between cognitive functions and inflammatory profiles were analyzed by Pearson correlation. In results, although no significant differences were found in TMT, SCT, and DST between the two groups, patients with COVID-19 scored lower in the correct number of the second and third parts of CPT, they also scored higher in the missing number of the third part of CPT (all P < 0.05). In patients with COVID-19, there was a trend of significant difference for lower reaction time in the first and second parts of CPT (P = 0.050, and 0.051, respectively), as well as the lower correct number of the second part of CPT (P = 0.050). Correlation analysis showed that the reaction time for the first and second parts of CPT was positively correlated with the CRP levels (r = 0.557 and 0.410, P < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings indicated that cognitive impairments exist even in patients recovered from COVID-19, and might be possibly linked to the underlying inflammatory processes.
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“Preliminary studies of convalescent COVID-19 patients using comprehensive neuropsychological assessment showed cognitive impairment two to four weeks after infection.”
From Cognitive decline following acute viral infections: literature review and projections for post-COVID-19 (2022) · cites this paper as [140]
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“Attentional deficits were the most relevant changes [140, 141].”
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Demographic and social determinants of cognitive dysfunction following hospitalization for COVID-19
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Long-term cognitive impairments following COVID-19: a possible impact of hypoxia
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Cognitive Assessment in SARS-CoV-2 Patients: A Systematic Review
Biagianti, B., Di Liberto, A., Nicolò Edoardo, A., Lisi, I., Nobilia, L., de Ferrabonc, G. D., Zanier, E. R., Stocchetti, N., & Brambilla, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.909661 · Cited by 41
Vascular Dysfunctions Contribute to the Long-Term Cognitive Deficits Following COVID-19
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Microstructural brain abnormalities, fatigue, and cognitive dysfunction after mild COVID-19
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Heyns, A., Dupont, J., Gielen, E., Flamaing, J., Peers, K. H. E., Gosselink, R., Vrijsen, B., Lorent, N., Everaerts, S., Janssens, W., et al. (2021) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1007/s41999-021-00486-4 · Cited by 34
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Sex differences and similarities in the neuroimmune response to central administration of poly I:C
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Velichkovsky, B. B., Razvaliaeva, A. Y., Khlebnikova, A. A., Manukyan, P. A., & Kasatkin, V. N. (2023) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103838 · Cited by 40
Disentangling the cognitive, physical, and mental health sequelae of COVID-19
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Citicoline and COVID-19-Related Cognitive and Other Neurologic Complications
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Endothelial dysfunction in COVID- 19 and cognitive impairment
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Therapeutic and prophylactic effect of flavonoids inpost‐COVID‐19 therapy
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Memory, Emotion, and Quality of Life in Patients with Long COVID-19
Herranz, K. E., Delgado‐Lima, A. H., Villatoro, B. S., Garaboa, E. M., Gómez, V. S., Vides, L. I. G., Bouhaben, J., & Delgado‐Losada, M. L. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13121670 · Cited by 28
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Inflammatory neuropsychiatric disorders and COVID-19 neuroinflammation
Tang, S. W., Helmeste, D. M., & Leonard, B. E. (2021) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2021.13 · Cited by 27
“Brain Fog” by COVID-19 or Alzheimer’s Disease? A Case Report
Matías‐Guiu, J. A., Delgado‐Alonso, C., Yus, M., Polidura, C., Gómez‐Ruiz, N., Valles‐Salgado, M., Ortega‐Madueño, I., Cabrera‐Martín, M. N., & Matías‐Guiu, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724022 · Cited by 30
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhou, H., Lu, S., Chen, J., Wei, N., Wang, D., Lyu, H., Shi, C., & Hu, S.
- Affiliations
- First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University (CN)
- Peking University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Shi, Chuan
- Hu, Shaohua
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 129
- Pages
- 98-102
- ISSN
- 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7324344
- OpenAlex
- W3040367645
- Cited by
- 440
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 137 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 36.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Sci-Tech Academy, Zhejiang University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, post-COVID cognitive impairment, recovered patients, inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein, continuous performance test, reaction time, neuropsychological assessment, interleukins, TNF-α, interferon-gamma
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Pneumonia, Viral, Survivors, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics, Cognitive Dysfunction
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