Cognitive impairments four months after COVID-19 hospital discharge: pattern, severity and association with illness variables.
Open accessAbstract
The ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected more than 100 million people and clinics are being established for diagnosing and treating lingering symptoms, so called long-COVID. A key concern are neurological and long-term cognitive complications. At the same time, the prevalence and nature of the cognitive sequalae of COVID-19 are unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the frequency, pattern and severity of cognitive impairments 3-4 months after COVID-19 hospital discharge, their relation to subjective cognitive complaints, quality of life and illness variables. We recruited patients at their follow-up visit at the respiratory outpatient clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, approximately four months after hospitalisation with COVID-19. Patients underwent pulmonary, functional and cognitive assessments. Twenty-nine patients were included. The percentage of patients with clinically significant cognitive impairment ranged from 59% to 65% depending on the applied cut-off for clinical relevance of cognitive impairment, with verbal learning and executive functions being most affected. Objective cognitive impairment scaled with subjective cognitive complaints, lower work function and poorer quality of life. Cognitive impairments were associated with d-dimer levels during acute illness and residual pulmonary dysfunction. In conclusion, these findings provide new evidence for frequent cognitive sequelae of COVID-19 and indicate an association with the severity of the lung affection and potentially restricted cerebral oxygen delivery. Further, the associations with quality of life and functioning call for systematic cognitive screening of patients after recovery from severe COVID-19 illness and implementation of targeted treatments for patients with persistent cognitive impairments.
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The association between IQCODE and TICS-40 scores was analyzed to ensure consistency of the two cognitive assessments.
“The association between IQCODE and TICS-40 scores was analyzed to ensure the consistency of the 2 cognitive assessments verified in previous studies.20,21”
From One-Year Trajectory of Cognitive Changes in Older Survivors of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Longitudinal Cohort Study (2022) · cites this paper as [21]
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- Authors
- Miskowiak, K., Johnsen, S., Sattler, S., Nielsen, S., Kunalan, K., Rungby, J., Lapperre, T., & Porsberg, C.
- Affiliations
- Bispebjerg Hospital (DK)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- Venue
- European Neuropsychopharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-05
- Volume
- 46
- Pages
- 39-48
- ISSN
- 0924-977X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8006192
- OpenAlex
- W3148312871
- Cited by
- 365
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 36
- FWCI
- 36.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Lundbeck Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, long COVID, cognitive impairment, hospital discharge, subjective cognitive complaints, quality of life, executive function, verbal learning, D-dimer, pulmonary dysfunction, cerebral oxygen delivery, cognitive screening
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Aged, Denmark, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Discharge, Prospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Time Factors, Cognitive Dysfunction
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