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Cited by 86Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumMenstrual Health and Disorders

Prevalence of hormone-related mood disorder symptoms in women with ADHD

Open access
Dorani, Farangis, Bijlenga, Denise, Beekman, Aartjan T.F., van Someren, Eus J.W., Kooij, J.J. Sandra·2021·Journal of Psychiatric Research
DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.005
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Abstract

This is the first study to assess the prevalence of symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), episodes of postpartum depression symptoms (PPD) after first childbirth, and climacteric mood symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). 209 consecutive women (18-71 years) with ADHD completed the PMDD chapter of the Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus version 5.0.0 to assess PMDD, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale to assess PPD, and the Greene Climacteric Scale to assess climacteric symptoms. Comorbid psychiatric disorders, medication use, and chronobiological sleep characteristics were also assessed. The prevalence of PMDD and PPD were high in ADHD, compared to the general population. PMDD symptoms were associated with less use of contraceptives. Antidepressants were associated with more PMDD symptoms. The following GCS scores were significant increased: anxiety, depression, and sexual dysfunction, vasomotor and somatic complaints. No significant differences were found in sleep characteristics or current comorbidity between the groups with and without PPD or PMDD, or increased climacteric scores. The prevalences of PMDD, PPD and climacteric scores were high in women with ADHD. This is the first study in women with ADHD that suggests that female ADHD patients suffer from significant PMDD symptoms, experience PPD during the first child birth, and experience more severe climacteric symptoms.

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  • Women with ADHD have a higher prevalence of mood disorders than the general population during the premenstrual period, postpartum, and (peri)menopause.

    “Our group previously showed that women with ADHD have a higher prevalence of mood disorders than what is seen in the general population during three major periods of reproductive hormone fluctuation: the premenstrual period, postpartum, and (peri)menopause [20].”

    From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [20]

    The Discussion (page unavailable) reports higher self-reported indications of PMDD and postpartum depression in the ADHD sample than published general-population rates, and more climacteric symptoms among peri- and postmenopausal participants. But the Design section says the PMDD and postpartum comparisons were not statistically tested because of selection bias, and the Discussion describes the overall finding as a possible elevation in symptoms. The claim overstates these cautious symptom-based findings as an established higher prevalence of mood disorders across all three periods. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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  • Compared to the general population, women with ADHD are at increased risk of depression and depressive symptoms during periods of ovarian hormone fluctuations.

    “Compared to the general population, women with ADHD are at increased risk of depression and depressive symptoms during periods of ovarian hormone fluctuations [20,41,89,90].”

    From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [20]

    The Discussion reports higher self-reported rates of PMDD, postpartum depression, and climacteric symptoms in women with ADHD than rates reported for the general population. It calls the findings preliminary and says the comparisons require caution because the study lacked a matched control group. The claim states an increased risk as established, which is stronger than the paper's conclusion of a possible elevation. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The menstrual cycle probably influences ADHD and mood symptoms in women, especially women with ADHD.

    “For women [18], and women with ADHD especially [19,20], the menstrual cycle probably influences these symptoms.”

    From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [20]

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Authors
Dorani, F., Bijlenga, D., Beekman, A. T. F., van Someren, E. J. W., & Kooij, J. J. S.
Affiliations
  • PsyQ (NL)
  • Amsterdam University Medical Centers (NL)
Corresponding author
Dorani, Farangis
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Psychiatric Research
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-01
Volume
133
Pages
10-15
ISSN
0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.005
OpenAlex
W3107246693
Cited by
86
References
42
Citations by year
2026: 23 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6
FWCI
3.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
  • VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
  • KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
Keywords
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, postpartum depression, menopausal symptoms, women, prevalence, contraceptive use, antidepressant use, sleep characteristics, psychiatric comorbidity, sexual dysfunction
MeSH terms
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Hormones, Humans, Premenstrual Syndrome, Prevalence, Mood Disorders

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