New insights into the comorbidity between ADHD and major depression in adolescent and young adult females
Abstract
Objective The main aim of this study was to evaluate the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and major depression (MD) in adolescent and young adult females.Method Subjects were females with (n = 140) and without (n = 122) ADHD ascertained from pediatric and psychiatric settings. Subjects were followed prospectively for 5 years into adolescence and young adulthood and reassessed in multiple nonoverlapping domains including psychiatric, cognitive, interpersonal, family, and educational functioning.Results Females with ADHD had a 2.5 times higher risk for MD at adolescent follow-up compared with control females, adjusting for psychiatric comorbidity. MD in females with ADHD was associated with an earlier age at onset, greater than twice the duration, more severe depression-associated impairment, a higher rate of suicidality, and a greater likelihood of requiring psychiatric hospitalization than MD in control girls. Parental MD and proband mania were significant predictors of MD among females with ADHD, independently of other predictors.Conclusions MD emerging in the context of ADHD in females is an impairing and severe comorbidity worthy of further clinical and scientific considerations.
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The protective effect of ADHD treatment on SUD in Biederman et al. was no longer found in adulthood, with the authors noting low medication adherence into adulthood.
“which was no longer found in adulthood-the authors noted low medication adherence into adulthood (Biederman et al. 2008).”
From The Impact of Pharmacotherapy of Childhood-Onset Psychiatric Disorders on the Development of Substance Use Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as Biederman et al. 2008
Studies in samples followed over time showed that enhanced protection against the development of SUD was lost over time, presumably linked to adherence.
“Wealso noted that studies in samples followed over time showed enhanced protection against the development of SUD lost over time, presumably linked to adherence (Biederman et al. 2008; Quinn et al. 2017).”
From The Impact of Pharmacotherapy of Childhood-Onset Psychiatric Disorders on the Development of Substance Use Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as Biederman et al. 2008
A variety of other behavioral, developmental, and physical conditions can be comorbid in children and adolescents who are evaluated for ADHD, including emotional or behavioral conditions or a history of these problems, and including but not limited to learning disabilities, language disorder, disruptive behavior, anxiety, mood disorders, tic disorders, seizures, autism spectrum disorder, and sleep
“A variety of other behavioral, developmental, and physical conditions can be comorbid in children and adolescents who are evaluated for ADHD, including emotional or behavioral conditions or a history of these problems.”
From Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents (2019) · cites this paper as [55]
Other studies have documented the comorbidity between ADHD and depression.
“Other studies have documented the comorbidity between ADHD and depression [76, 77].”
From The brain anatomy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in young adults—a magnetic resonance imaging study (2017) · cites this paper as [76]
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- Authors
- BIEDERMAN, J., BALL, S. W., MONUTEAUX, M. C., MICK, E., SPENCER, T. J., McCREARY, M., COTE, M., & FARAONE, S. V.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- BIEDERMAN, JOSEPH
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-04
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 426-434
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2062790466
- Cited by
- 331
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 10.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R03MH079954)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD036317, 5 R01 HD36317-07)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, major depressive disorder, comorbidities, adolescent girls, young adult women, age of onset, depression duration, suicidality, psychiatric hospitalization, parental depression, mania, functional disability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Bipolar Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hospitalization, Humans, Phenotype, Pregnancy, Pregnancy in Adolescence, Risk Factors, Social Environment, Suicide, Attempted, Comorbidity, Case-Control Studies, Age of Onset, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
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