Cited by 709Attachment and Relationship DynamicsPsychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

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Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review

Ravitz, Paula, Maunder, Robert, Hunter, Jon, Sthankiya, Bhadra, Lancee, William·2010·Journal of Psychosomatic Research

DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.08.006

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Abstract

Objective Over the past 25 years, attachment research has extended beyond infant-parent bonds to examine dyadic relationships in children, adolescents, and adults. Attachment has been shown to influence a wide array of biopsychosocial phenomena, including social functioning, coping, stress response, psychological well-being, health behavior, and morbidity, and has thus emerged as an important focus of psychosomatic research. This article reviews the measurement of adult attachment, highlighting instruments of relevance to-or with potential use in-psychosomatic research.Methods Following a literature search of articles that were related to the scales and measurement methods of attachment in adult populations, 29 instruments were examined with respect to their utility for psychosomatic researchers.Results Validity, reliability, and feasibility were tabulated on 29 instruments. Eleven of the instruments with strong psychometric properties, wide use, or use in psychosomatic research are described. These include the following: Adult Attachment Interview (George, Kaplan, and Main); Adult Attachment Projective (George and West); Adult Attachment Questionnaire (Simpson, Rholes, and Phillips); Adult Attachment Scale (and Revised Adult Attachment Scale) (Collins and Read); Attachment Style Questionnaire (Feeney); Current Relationship Interview (Crowell and Owens); Experiences in Close Relationships (Brennan, Clark, and Shaver) and Revised Experiences in Close Relationships (Fraley, Waller, and Brennan); Parental Bonding Instrument (Parker, Tupling, and Brown); Reciprocal Attachment Questionnaire (West and Sheldon-Keller); Relationship Questionnaire (Bartholomew and Horowitz); and Relationship Scales Questionnaire (Grifiin and Bartholomew).Conclusion In addition to reliability and validity, investigators need to consider relationship focus, attachment constructs, dimensions or categories of interest, and the time required for training, administration, and scoring. Further considerations regarding attachment measurement in the context of psychosomatic research are discussed.

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Background
More than words: Computerized text analysis of child welfare professionals’ Adult Attachment Interviews
Call, C. D., Razuri, E. B., Howard, A. R. H., DeLuna, J. H., Ito‐Jaeger, S., & Cross, D. (2019) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2019.1617819 · Cited by 2
“Caution must be taken, however, to select an instrument that measures the construct of interest (for review of adult attachment measures, see Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Background
Analysis of Researches on Implicit Followership Theories in Organization and Future Prospects
许, 哲. (2019) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2019.97155 · Cited by 2
Rôle médiateur de la sursexualisation dans les liens entre l’attachement et l’engagement conjugal des jeunes adultes.
Brassard, A., Pétrin, M.-A., Loisel, C., Lapierre, R., Girard, M.-F., & de Pierrepont, C. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/cbs0000256 · Cited by 4
Bindungsdimensionen im Erwachsenenalter – beziehungsspezifische Unterschiede und ihre Zusammenhänge mit psychischer Gesundheit
Flemming, E., Lübke, L., Müller, S., Lorenzen, V., & Spitzer, C. (2022) · Die Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s00278-022-00610-0 · Cited by 3
Effects of Non-verbal Priming on Attachment-Style Activation
Sim, S., Shin, J.-E., & Sohn, Y. W. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00684 · Cited by 2
“Attachment styles are largely based on attachment experiences in childhood and adolescence, and continue to exert an influence in adulthood in contexts that activate the attachment system, such as a romantic partner or close friends (Hazan and Zeifman, 1994; Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Background
Relations Among Attachment, Emotion Regulation, and Dysfunctional Breathing in Young Adults
Crockett, J. E., & Cashwell, C. S. (2022) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.44.2.05 · Cited by 2
Geschlechts-, alters- und störungsgruppenbezogene Messinvarianz bei Bindungsinstrumenten
Altmann, U., Flemming, E., Lübke, L., Spitzer, C., Petrowski, K., & Strauss, B. M. (2022) · Die Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s00278-022-00602-0 · Cited by 2
Exploring therapeutic action in psychoanalytic psychotherapy : Attachment to therapist and change
Lilliengren, P. (2014) · DiVA (Stockholm University) · Cited by 2
Exploring psychologists’ attachment style, compassion fatigue and satisfaction, and use of self-care within forensic settings
Collins, S. (2015) · University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) · doi:10.18745/th.15343 · Cited by 1
An Exploration of Female Adult Adoptees' Experiences: Their Self-Concepts of Parenthood
Gatzke, C. (2015) · University Library - University of Saskatchewan (University of Saskatchewan) · Cited by 2
Commentary: Psychosocial screening and assessment in oncology and palliative care settings
Nissen, K. G. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01223 · Cited by 2
Multiple exclusion homelessness, attachment and relationship with care : a missing link?
Theodorou, N. (2020) · Cited by 2
Offending in individuals with autistic spectrum disorder : a study of risk and need
Turner, T. (2015) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 2
The relationship between perceived parenting style and attachment styles, depending on the family structure
Tomșa, A.-G. (2019) · Studia Doctoralia · doi:10.47040/sd/sdpsych.v10i1.89 · Cited by 1
Psychometric Properties of Two Implicit Associations Tests measuring Adult Attachment
Visser, L., Lataster, J., Pat‐El, R., van Lankveld, J. J. D. M., & Jacobs, N. (2021) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.1042 · Cited by 1
“…father or the romantic partner, but even more important, research has demonstrated that adult attachment style has broad consequences for mental health, interpersonal functioning and emotion regulation (Crowell & Treboux, 1995; Hayden et al., 2017; Pietromonaco & Beck, 2019; Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Background
Relationship between Adult Attachment and Loneliness of College Freshmen—The Moderating Effect of Gender
范, 琳. (2022) · Advances in Social Sciences · doi:10.12677/ass.2022.1112716 · Cited by 2
Identitätsfindungen in den 20ern des 21. Jahrhunderts
Löffler‐Stastka, H., & Steinmair, D. (2023) · psychopraxis neuropraxis · doi:10.1007/s00739-023-00920-1 · Cited by 1
“Bindungsmuster Erwachsener sind relativ stabil [20].”
Stilovi privrženosti i zadovoljstvo različitim aspektima ljubavne veze
Krapić, N., & Daraboš, D. (2024) · Psihologijske teme · doi:10.31820/pt.33.2.11 · Cited by 1
The Influence of Father Presence on College Students’ Core Self-Evaluation—The Mediating Role of Adult Attachment
方, 欣. (2024) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2024.148521 · Cited by 1
Instrumentos para la evaluación del apego adulto en población española: revisión sistemática
Palomo, N. B. B., Saúl, L. Á., & Corbella, S. (2024) · CES Psicología · doi:10.21615/cesp.7111 · Cited by 3
Attachment and problematic smartphone use among Indonesian college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a serial mediation model
Tarnoto, N., & Liu, C. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06787-8 · Cited by 2
“Attachment has been shown to influence a wide array of biopsychosocial phenomena, including social functioning, coping mechanisms,, stress responses, psychological well-being, and health behaviors (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Experiences With Physical and Emotional Sibling Violence in Childhood and Adult Attachment in a Sample of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals
Perkins, N. H., Dressman, K. A., Kelly, B. L., & Lees, E. R. (2024) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/10443894241285532 · Cited by 1
“Despite this, research has found both the AAS and RAAS to have good reliability and excellent validity (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Family Function and Interpersonal Efficacy of College Students Relationships: The Mediating Role of Adult Attachment
王, 苗. (2025) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2025.151045 · Cited by 1
Mapping love: a personality-centered network analysis of relationship satisfaction
Schulz, O., Gubler, D. A., Raemy, U. E., & Troche, S. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1587405 · Cited by 1
“Originating from Bowlby’s (1969) theory about the development of attachment during infancy, several approaches to attachment in adult relationships exist today (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığının Bağlanma Stilleri, Duygu Düzenleme Güçlükleri ve Temel Psikolojik İhtiyaçlar Açısından İncelenmesi
Nigar, S., & Can, F. (2025) · Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.11616/asbi.1658418 · Cited by 1
Developing Leader-Follower Relationships Through Improved Communication, Functional Support, and Secure Attachment Style: A Conceptual Review
London, M., & Zyberaj, J. (2025) · Human Resource Development Review · doi:10.1177/15344843251384341 · Cited by 1
“…adult attachment style of a leader in relation to a follower and a follower in relation to the leader (Berant, 2009; Brennan et al., 1998; Carver, 1997; Collins, 1996; Fraley et al., 2000; Gillath et al., 2008; Roisman et al., 2007; see Ravitz et al., 2010, for a review of attachment measures).”
Attachment at the end of life: A systematic review
Sànchez-Julvé, C., Sirito, S. V., & Limonero, J. T. (2025) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951525100783 · Cited by 2
“Therefore,itisbelievedthatattachmentstylesin adulthoodgeneratebehavioralpatternsthatmaintainacertain continuityandstabilitywithrespecttotheattachmentstylesdis-playedinpreviousstages(Ravitzetal.2010).”
Influential

Authors: Ravitz, P., Maunder, R., Hunter, J., Sthankiya, B., & Lancee, W.
Affiliations: Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
Corresponding author: Ravitz, Paula
ORCID: Ravitz, Paula
Maunder, Robert
Venue: Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-10
Volume: 69
Issue: 4
Pages: 419-432
ISSN: 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.08.006
OpenAlex: W2048140405
Cited by: 709
References: 165
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 1.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: adult attachment, attachment measurement, psychosomatic research, psychometric properties, reliability and validity, Experiences in Close Relationships, Adult Attachment Interview, Adult Attachment Scale, Attachment Style Questionnaire, Parental Bonding Instrument, biopsychosocial functioning
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Humans, Object Attachment, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results

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Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review

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