The DOI matches its Crossref record; 165 of the 165 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review
Abstract
Objective Over the past 25 years, attachment research has extended beyond infant-parent bonds to examine dyadic relationships in children, adolescents, and adults. Attachment has been shown to influence a wide array of biopsychosocial phenomena, including social functioning, coping, stress response, psychological well-being, health behavior, and morbidity, and has thus emerged as an important focus of psychosomatic research. This article reviews the measurement of adult attachment, highlighting instruments of relevance to-or with potential use in-psychosomatic research.Methods Following a literature search of articles that were related to the scales and measurement methods of attachment in adult populations, 29 instruments were examined with respect to their utility for psychosomatic researchers.Results Validity, reliability, and feasibility were tabulated on 29 instruments. Eleven of the instruments with strong psychometric properties, wide use, or use in psychosomatic research are described. These include the following: Adult Attachment Interview (George, Kaplan, and Main); Adult Attachment Projective (George and West); Adult Attachment Questionnaire (Simpson, Rholes, and Phillips); Adult Attachment Scale (and Revised Adult Attachment Scale) (Collins and Read); Attachment Style Questionnaire (Feeney); Current Relationship Interview (Crowell and Owens); Experiences in Close Relationships (Brennan, Clark, and Shaver) and Revised Experiences in Close Relationships (Fraley, Waller, and Brennan); Parental Bonding Instrument (Parker, Tupling, and Brown); Reciprocal Attachment Questionnaire (West and Sheldon-Keller); Relationship Questionnaire (Bartholomew and Horowitz); and Relationship Scales Questionnaire (Grifiin and Bartholomew).Conclusion In addition to reliability and validity, investigators need to consider relationship focus, attachment constructs, dimensions or categories of interest, and the time required for training, administration, and scoring. Further considerations regarding attachment measurement in the context of psychosomatic research are discussed.
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“The questionnaire has a high reliability and validity [83].”
From Efficacy of oxytocin administration early after psychotrauma in preventing the development of PTSD: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as [83]
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“…evaluation of attachment styles with reported patterns monitored by conscious processing of feelings and experiences related to desires and worries regarding a romantic partner; these measures typically differentiate secure from insecure avoidant or anxious attachment styles (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
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“In line with this, self-report measures of adult attachment—in comparison to attachment interviews—are considered to be more likely influenced by distorted self-images while insufficiently assessing repressed information (144).”
BackgroundMethodAttachment styles modulate neural markers of threat and imagery when engaging in self-criticism
Kim, J. J., Kent, K. M., Cunnington, R., Gilbert, P., & Kirby, J. N. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70772-x · Cited by 31
Insecure attachment is an independent correlate of objective sleep disturbances in military veterans
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“This instrument has well-documented reliability and validity across different samples [45].”
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“Empirically, with a growing number of available methods (Ravitz et al., 2010), several attempts were made to determine the convergences between different attachment measures from various research traditions (e.g., Crowell et al., 1999; Crowell & Treboux, 1995; Kirchmann et al., 2007; Roisman et…”
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“A further challenge is that some theorists believe that attachment style can differ in different relationships (Baldwin & Sinclair, 1996; Ravitz et al., 2010) while those taking a systems approach suggest it is more consistent across relationships (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2019).”
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“…capable of detecting subtle differences relative to both quantity and quality between individuals’ attachment states of mind, and as such are likely to be more relevant and accurate methods in assessing the type of research questions under investigation within social research (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
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“This questionnaire has been widely used in psychological research to capture attachment anxiety and avoidance [80].”
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“Also, all studies except one used self-report measures, rather than the Adult Attachment Interview, which is considered to be the most valid measure showing excellent psychometric properties in both clinical and non-clinical samples (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
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“Conceptualisations of attachment style in childhood and adulthood have primarily employed this categorical approach [33]; however, some researchers have argued that attachment should be conceptualised as dimensional, specifically, ‘anxiety’ and ‘avoidance’, rather than categorical [34–36].”
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“Selfreports generally inquire about limited types and generate quantitative rating of trauma, and are unable to detect when defense mechanisms may distort responses (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
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MethodThe effects of attachment and outness on illness adjustment among gay men with prostate cancer
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“The internal reliability of the RQ has been shown to vary from low to high, and low to moderate stability has been reported over time [26].”
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“(60,61) was used to assess shame proneness (47).”
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Self-citationAttachment in people with dementia and their caregivers: A systematic review
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Protective factors for depressive symptoms in emerging adulthood
Germani, A., Delvecchio, E., Li, J., & Mazzeschi, C. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12616 · Cited by 28
Monteleone, A. M., Patriciello, G., Ruzzi, V., Fico, G., Pellegrino, F., Castellini, G., Steardo, L., Monteleone, P., & Maj, M. (2018) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000629 · Cited by 25
Adams, G. C., McWilliams, L. A., Wrath, A. J., Adams, S., & Souza, D. D. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.050 · Cited by 24
Musetti, A., Schianchi, A., Caricati, L., Manari, T., & Schimmenti, A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237991 · Cited by 28
Attachment-related dimensions in the epigenetic era: A systematic review of the human research
Craig, F., Tenuta, F., Rizzato, V., Costabile, A., Trabacca, A., & Montirosso, R. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.006 · Cited by 23
Attachment theory within clinical supervision: application of the conceptual to the empirical
Wrape, E. R., Callahan, J. L., Rieck, T., & Watkins, C. E. (2017) · Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/02668734.2016.1261927 · Cited by 22
“Although self-reports are frequently used in attachment research, attachment style interviews (e.g. Ravitz et al., 2010) could provide a valuable alternate means of assessment in future attachment/supervision research.”
MethodSalande, J. D., & Hawkins, R. C. (2017) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/int0000037 · Cited by 29
“This instrument has high reliability and validity, and it has been used quite extensively in a variety of research contexts (Ravitz et al., 2010; Sibley, Fischer, & Liu, 2005).”
MethodInfluentialWoodward, M. J., Patton, S. C., Olsen, S. A., Jones, J. M., Reich, C. M., Blackwell, N., & Beck, J. G. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.02.007 · Cited by 22
Post-traumatic growth, distress and attachment style among women with breast cancer
Romeo, A., Ghiggia, A., Tesio, V., Tella, M. D., Torta, R., & Castelli, L. (2017) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2017.1289291 · Cited by 21
Branjerdporn, G., Meredith, P. J., Wilson, T., & Strong, J. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01876-1 · Cited by 26
Do transdiagnostic factors influence affective touch perception in psychiatric populations?
Keizer, A., Heijman, J. O., & Dijkerman, H. C. (2021) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.09.006 · Cited by 20
Fernández‐Fuertes, A. A., Orgaz, B. M., Fuertes, A., & Carcedo, R. J. (2011) · UCrea (University of Cantabria) · Cited by 24
Kuipers, G. S., den Hollander, S., van der Ark, L. A., & Bekker, M. H. J. (2017) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-017-0405-x · Cited by 23
“Our use of the AAI instead of self-report could also explain the difference with self-report studies’ findings [13]; correlations between AAI subscales with specific self-report measures of attachment range from low to moderate, COH having the highest association with self-report [72].”
Innes, S. I., Leboeuf‐Yde, C., & Walker, B. F. (2017) · Chiropractic & Manual Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12998-017-0150-2 · Cited by 24
“Anxious people are more likely to have negative internal working models of themselves [15, 16].”
BackgroundNilsson, D. K., Nordås, E., Pribe, G., & Svedin, C. G. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.05.007 · Cited by 23
Musetti, A., Pingani, L., Zagaria, A., Uberti, D., Meli, S., Lenzo, V., Gori, A., Franceschini, C., & Galeazzi, G. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.985148 · Cited by 22
Meng, X., D’Arcy, C., & Adams, G. C. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.092 · Cited by 21
“This is a widely used measure due to its ease of administration, reliability and validity (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
BackgroundAdult attachment and birth experience: importance of a secure base and safe haven during childbirth
Reisz, S., Brennan, J., Jacobvitz, D. B., & George, C. C. (2018) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2018.1509303 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Ravitz, P., Maunder, R., Hunter, J., Sthankiya, B., & Lancee, W.
- Affiliations
- Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Ravitz, Paula
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-10
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 419-432
- ISSN
- 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2048140405
- Cited by
- 709
- References
- 165
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- adult attachment, attachment measurement, psychosomatic research, psychometric properties, reliability and validity, Experiences in Close Relationships, Adult Attachment Interview, Adult Attachment Scale, Attachment Style Questionnaire, Parental Bonding Instrument, biopsychosocial functioning
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Humans, Object Attachment, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results
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