The DOI matches its Crossref record; 165 of the 165 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review
Abstract
Objective Over the past 25 years, attachment research has extended beyond infant-parent bonds to examine dyadic relationships in children, adolescents, and adults. Attachment has been shown to influence a wide array of biopsychosocial phenomena, including social functioning, coping, stress response, psychological well-being, health behavior, and morbidity, and has thus emerged as an important focus of psychosomatic research. This article reviews the measurement of adult attachment, highlighting instruments of relevance to-or with potential use in-psychosomatic research.Methods Following a literature search of articles that were related to the scales and measurement methods of attachment in adult populations, 29 instruments were examined with respect to their utility for psychosomatic researchers.Results Validity, reliability, and feasibility were tabulated on 29 instruments. Eleven of the instruments with strong psychometric properties, wide use, or use in psychosomatic research are described. These include the following: Adult Attachment Interview (George, Kaplan, and Main); Adult Attachment Projective (George and West); Adult Attachment Questionnaire (Simpson, Rholes, and Phillips); Adult Attachment Scale (and Revised Adult Attachment Scale) (Collins and Read); Attachment Style Questionnaire (Feeney); Current Relationship Interview (Crowell and Owens); Experiences in Close Relationships (Brennan, Clark, and Shaver) and Revised Experiences in Close Relationships (Fraley, Waller, and Brennan); Parental Bonding Instrument (Parker, Tupling, and Brown); Reciprocal Attachment Questionnaire (West and Sheldon-Keller); Relationship Questionnaire (Bartholomew and Horowitz); and Relationship Scales Questionnaire (Grifiin and Bartholomew).Conclusion In addition to reliability and validity, investigators need to consider relationship focus, attachment constructs, dimensions or categories of interest, and the time required for training, administration, and scoring. Further considerations regarding attachment measurement in the context of psychosomatic research are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The questionnaire has a high reliability and validity [83].”
From Efficacy of oxytocin administration early after psychotrauma in preventing the development of PTSD: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as [83]
Citations
Cites
(1969) · Cited by 18,340
(1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 12,570
Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment
Rever, G. W. (1972) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197211000-00011 · Cited by 8,446
Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511 · Cited by 6,247 · cited 3×
“Categorical measures of attachment in romantic relationships have evolved since Hazan and Shaver's [19] forced-choice Adult Attachment Styles self-report.”
BackgroundAttachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.61.2.226 · Cited by 6,009
Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-1841 · Cited by 5,386
Security in Infancy, Childhood, and Adulthood: A Move to the Level of Representation
Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/3333827 · Cited by 4,567
Attachment in adulthood: structure, dynamics, and change
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-2903 · Cited by 4,303
Attachment and Loss. Vol. I. Attachment.
Jones, N. B., & Bowlby, J. (1970) · Man · doi:10.2307/2798963 · Cited by 4,208
(1998) · Cited by 3,968
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fraley, R. C., Hudson, N. W., Heffernan, M. E., & Segal, N. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000027 · Cited by 477
“For example, recent reviews of the field indicate that there has not been an adequate resolution to the types versus dimensions debate in the study of adult attachment (e.g., Ravitz et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialRisk factors across the eating disorders
Hilbert, A., Pike, K. M., Goldschmidt, A. B., Wilfley, D. E., Fairburn, C. G., Dohm, F., Walsh, B. T., & Weissman, R. S. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.054 · Cited by 304
“The PBI has good psychometric properties (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
The relationship between adult attachment style and post-traumatic stress symptoms: A meta-analysis
Woodhouse, S., Ayers, S., & Field, A. P. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.07.002 · Cited by 210
“By searching through the 101 relevant papers returned in the above database searches, and through further consideration of two reviews of adult attachment measures (Crowell & Treboux, 1995; Ravitz, 2010), we located 30 adult attachment measures.”
BackgroundPsychoanalysis and Empirical Research
Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. M. (2013) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/0003065112474066 · Cited by 209
de Bérail, P., Guillon, M., & Bungener, C. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.007 · Cited by 191
Non solus: Toward a psychology of family business
Pieper, T. M. (2010) · Journal of Family Business Strategy · doi:10.1016/j.jfbs.2010.02.003 · Cited by 176
Lichtenstein, M. B., Christiansen, E., Elklit, A., Bilenberg, N., & Støving, R. K. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.11.010 · Cited by 168
“58) (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
BackgroundAttachment as a Core Feature of Resilience: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Darling Rasmussen, P., Storebø, O. J., Løkkeholt, T., Voss, L. G., Shmueli-Goetz, Y., Bojesen, A. B., Simonsen, E., & Bilenberg, N. (2019) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118785577 · Cited by 167
Adult attachment as a predictor and moderator of psychotherapy outcome: A meta-analysis.
Levy, K. N., Kivity, Y., Johnson, B. N., & Gooch, C. V. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22685 · Cited by 141
Schindler, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00727 · Cited by 157
“The majority of studies use self-reports, which are seen as “surface indicators” of attachment representations (22, 24).”
BackgroundA meta-analysis of the relation between patient adult attachment style and the working alliance
Bernecker, S. L., Levy, K. N., & Ellison, W. D. (2013) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.809561 · Cited by 169
Changes in attachment representations during psychological therapy
Taylor, P., Rietzschel, J., Danquah, A., & Berry, K. (2015) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2014.886791 · Cited by 150
Mohr, M. V., Kirsch, L. P., & Fotopoulou, A. (2021) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.210287 · Cited by 156
“Given that avoidant attachment is associated with a need for emotional distance and reduced proximity seeking [74,75], we hypothesize that they would want to experience less touch during COVID-19, particularly from intimate, close others.”
Faber, A., Dubé, L., & Knaüper, B. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.10.043 · Cited by 155
Forgiveness and spirituality in psychotherapy: A relational approach.
Worthington, E. L., & Sandage, S. J. (2015) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14712-000 · Cited by 134
Affective touch and attachment style modulate pain: a laser-evoked potentials study
Krahé, C., Drabek, M. M., Paloyelis, Y., & Fotopoulou, A. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0009 · Cited by 128
Childhood maltreatment and problematic social media use: the role of attachment and depression
Worsley, J. D., McIntyre, J. C., Bentall, R. P., & Corcoran, R. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.023 · Cited by 123
“(Griffin and Bartholomew, 1994) and good discriminant and face validity (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Examining the association between adult attachment style and cortisol responses to acute stress
Kidd, T., Hamer, M., & Steptoe, A. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.10.014 · Cited by 137
Changes in Adult Attachment Styles in American College Students Over Time
Konrath, S., Chopik, W. J., Hsing, C. K., & O’Brien, E. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314530516 · Cited by 138
“Preoccupied adults strongly desire to be emotionally close to others, but they are easily upset and worried if closeness in relationships is not reciprocated (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Ravitz et al., 2009).”
BackgroundThe social buffering of pain by affective touch: a laser-evoked potential study in romantic couples
Mohr, M. V., Krahé, C., Beck, B., & Fotopoulou, A. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy085 · Cited by 122
Eating disorders in adolescence: attachment issues from a developmental perspective
Gander, M., Sevecke, K., & Buchheim, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01136 · Cited by 110
Adult attachment and social anxiety: The mediating role of emotion regulation strategies
Read, D. L., Clark, G. I., Rock, A. J., & Coventry, W. L. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207514 · Cited by 137
A systematic review of adult attachment and social anxiety
Manning, R. P. C., Dickson, J. M., Palmier-Claus, J., Cunliffe, A., & Taylor, P. J. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.020 · Cited by 107
“As fearful attachment styles theoretically involve negative IWMs of both self and other (Ravitz et al., 2010) its association with social anxiety may occur via both the pathways outlined above.”
BackgroundLowell, A., Renk, K., & Havill, A. M. (2014) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.02.006 · Cited by 105
Insecure Adult Attachment and Child Maltreatment: A Meta-Analysis
Lo, C. K. M., Chan, K. L., & Ip, P. (2017) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838017730579 · Cited by 126
Attachment classification, psychophysiology and frontal EEG asymmetry across the lifespan: a review
Gander, M., & Buchheim, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00079 · Cited by 90
“In accordance with other findings, the dismissing Frontiers in Human Neuroscience www.frontiersin.org February 2015 | Volume 9 | Article 79 | 8 subjects also underreported subjective distress on self-report although the demonstrated neural activity that is related to an elevated level of distress (Dozier and Kobak, 19…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDonbæk, D. F., & Elklit, A. (2013) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2013.850103 · Cited by 114
“While the RQ remains one of the most frequently used adult attachment measures (Ravitz et al., 2010), in recent years researchers have found that categorical models cannot account for much variation in adult attachment structures.”
BackgroundWong, J., Gordon, E. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (2012) · Handbook of Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/9781118156391.ebcp002027 · Cited by 96
Eilert, D. W., & Buchheim, A. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13060884 · Cited by 131
“From there, two different perspectives developed in attachment research; one could say two different cultures emerged (for a large review, see [25]).”
BackgroundColizzi, M., Costa, R., Pace, V., & Todarello, O. (2013) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12155 · Cited by 94
Salubrious effects of oxytocin on social stress-induced deficits
Smith, A. S., & Wang, Z. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.11.010 · Cited by 88
“…behaviors and social contact increases an individual's sense of security, particularly in stressful periods in humans (Shear and Shair, 2005; Ravitz et al., 2010), and decreases the basal and stress-induced HPA axis activity in marmosets (Smith and French, 1997; Smith et al., 1998; Smith et…”
BackgroundOnline sexual abuse of adolescents by a perpetrator met online: a cross-sectional study
Jonsson, L. S., Fredlund, C., Priebe, G., Wadsby, M., & Svedin, C. G. (2019) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-019-0292-1 · Cited by 89
Tatnell, R., Hasking, P., Newman, L., Taffe, J., & Martin, G. (2017) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2016.1246267 · Cited by 87
Sutton, T. E. (2019) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1080/01494929.2018.1458001 · Cited by 87
The Association Between Adult Attachment Style, Mental Disorders, and Suicidality
Palitsky, D., Mota, N. P., Afifi, T. O., Downs, A. C., & Sareen, J. (2013) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31829829ab · Cited by 88
“There exist more in-depth assessments of attachment whether in self-report or interview forms, with the Adult Attachment Interview being the most favored modality (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
BackgroundVelotti, P., Rogier, G., Zobel, S. B., Chirumbolo, A., & Zavattini, G. C. (2020) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838020933864 · Cited by 100
“…and considering the peculiarity of the IPV phenomenon it could be useful to have data from this perspective—dimensional attachment instruments are considered appropriate when conscious attitudes and behaviors in current relationships are relevant to the research question (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodAttachment Anxiety and Problematic Social Media Use: The Mediating Role of Well-Being
Worsley, J. D., Mansfield, R., & Corcoran, R. (2018) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0555 · Cited by 87
Sleep tight: Exploring the relationship between sleep and attachment style across the life span
Adams, G. C., Stoops, M. A., & Skomro, R. (2014) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.03.002 · Cited by 81
Assche, L. V., Luyten, P., Bruffaerts, R., Persoons, P., de Ven, L. V., & Vandenbulcke, M. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.003 · Cited by 100
Busonera, A., Martini, P. S., Zavattini, G. C., & Santona, A. M. R. (2014) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/03.21.pr0.114k23w9 · Cited by 96
Sensitivity to CT-optimal, Affective Touch Depends on Adult Attachment Style
Krahé, C., Mohr, M. V., Gentsch, A., Guy, L., Vari, C., Nolte, T., & Fotopoulou, A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32865-6 · Cited by 91
Holwerda, N., Sanderman, R., Pool, G., Hinnen, C., Langendijk, J. A., Bemelman, W. A., Hagedoorn, M., & Sprangers, M. A. G. (2012) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.3109/0284186x.2012.689856 · Cited by 79
“A particular strength is the use of an adult attachment style interview instead of a self-report instrument, as interviews may be less vulnerable to temporal instability, assess broader aspects of the attachment system, and are more likely to increase the activation of attachment patterns than self-report questionnair…”
BackgroundMonteleone, A. M., Ruzzi, V., Patriciello, G., Pellegrino, F., Cascino, G., Castellini, G., Steardo, L., Monteleone, P., & Maj, M. (2019) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-019-00649-0 · Cited by 86
Adult Attachment, Sensory Processing, and Distress in Healthy Adults
Meredith, P. J., Bailey, K. J., Strong, J., & Rappel, G. (2015) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2016.017376 · Cited by 76
“In contrast, Liss et al. (2005) suggested that anxiety may be a risk factor for developing extreme sensory processing patterns, and anxiety may also increase the salience of insecure attachment (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Hairston, I. S., Handelzalts, J. E., Assis, C., & Kovo, M. (2018) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21695 · Cited by 75
The Mediating Role of Parental Reflective Functioning in Child Social–emotional Development
Nijssens, L., Vliegen, N., & Luyten, P. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01767-5 · Cited by 76
Employee Attachment: Implications for Supervisor Trustworthiness and Trust
Frazier, M. L., Gooty, J., Little, L. M., & Nelson, D. L. (2014) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-014-9367-4 · Cited by 72
“research questions (Ravitz et al. 2010).”
The Relationship Between Adult Attachment and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: A Systematic Review
Zortea, T. C., Gray, C. M., & O’Connor, R. C. (2019) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2019.1661893 · Cited by 82
“Clinicians should employ both self-report measures and clinical interviews when possible (see Ravitz et al., 2010 for an extensive review of adult attachment measures) to examine the patient ’ s beliefs and behaviors about close relationships.”
BackgroundMethodAttachment theory and hoarding disorder: A review and theoretical integration
Mathes, B. M., Timpano, K. R., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103549 · Cited by 82
Romantic attachment style and borderline personality pathology: A meta-analysis
Smith, M. S., & South, S. C. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101781 · Cited by 72
Lass-Hennemann, J., Schäfer, S. K., Sopp, M. R., & Michael, T. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04199-1 · Cited by 64
“, anxious or avoidant attachment) [37], most research into emotional attachment to pets comprises a unidimensional strength-based approaches ranging from weak to strong attachment.”
BackgroundKoskina, N., & Giovazolias, T. (2010) · The Journal of psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2010.496651 · Cited by 74
“The ECRS-R is widely used to measure romantic attachment, with excellent reliability (see Ravitz, Maunder, Hunter, Sthankiya, & Lancee, in press , for a recent review on attachment measures).”
Methodde Vries, S. L. A., Hoeve, M., Stams, G. J. J. M., & Asscher, J. J. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-9999-5 · Cited by 68
Maunder, R., & Hunter, J. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011068 · Cited by 67
“The ECR survey is a widely used self-report measure of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance in romantic relationships,(30) 31 which has been validated in various health settings.(12) The ECR-M16 uses 16 ECR items, modified to be appropriate to medical patients.”
MethodSelf-citationEmotion regulation and empathic abilities in young adults: The role of attachment styles
Henschel, S., Nandrino, J., & Doba, K. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109763 · Cited by 74
Stauffer, C. S., Anderson, B. T., Ortigo, K. M., & Woolley, J. (2021) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.0c00169 · Cited by 65
Lower Oxytocin Plasma Levels in Borderline Patients with Unresolved Attachment Representations
Jobst, A., Padberg, F., Mauer, M.-C., Daltrozzo, T., Bauriedl-Schmidt, C., Sabass, L., Sarubin, N., Falkai, P., Renneberg, B., Zill, P., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00125 · Cited by 88
“Current attachment representations of early experience can be assessed in adulthood by semi-structured interviews (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
BackgroundCook, S., & Calebs, B. J. (2016) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2016.1165173 · Cited by 66
“Research from the past 40 years has demonstrated that developing secure attachment relationships is important for health and development across the life course, while attachment insecurity is associated with poor health.(1) Although this body of knowledge has been informative in terms of elucidating the importance of…”
BackgroundANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF FEAR OF CHILDBIRTH IN NULLIPAROUS AND PAROUS WOMEN
Pazzagli, C., Laghezza, L., Capurso, M., Sommella, C., Lelli, F., & Mazzeschi, C. (2014) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21483 · Cited by 64
Security of Attachment to Spouses in Late Life
Waldinger, R. J., Cohen, S., Schulz, M. S., & Crowell, J. A. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614541261 · Cited by 79
The Long Reach of Nurturing Family Environments
Waldinger, R. J., & Schulz, M. S. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616661556 · Cited by 63
Germani, A., Buratta, L., Delvecchio, E., Gizzi, G., & Mazzeschi, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567505 · Cited by 67
MacDonald, K. S., Berlow, R., & Thomas, M. L. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.040 · Cited by 65
Worsley, J. D., McIntyre, J. C., & Corcoran, R. (2018) · Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties · doi:10.1080/13632752.2018.1530497 · Cited by 62
“The scale has an acceptable test–retest reliability (Griffin and Bartholomew 1994) and good discriminant and face validity (Ravitz et al. 2010).”
BackgroundCook, S., Heinze, J. E., Miller, A. L., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.10.252 · Cited by 60
Parental Bonding and Adult Attachment Style: The Relationship between Four Category Models
Wilhelm, K. A. (2016) · International Journal of Women s Health and Wellness · doi:10.23937/2474-1353/1510016 · Cited by 66
“A comprehensive review of adult attachment assessments in nonclinical populations suggest that 40 percent of adults have an ‘insecure’ attachment style [18] but that ‘insecurity of attachment is not in itself a pathology, but represents a vulnerability in terms of effective stress and distress management’.”
BackgroundFrijling, J. L., van Zuiden, M., Koch, S. B., Nawijn, L., Goslings, J. C., Luitse, J. S., Biesheuvel, T. H., Honig, A., Bakker, F. C., Denys, D., et al. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-92 · Cited by 59
“The questionnaire has a high reliability and validity [83].”
BackgroundAdult attachment style as a risk factor for maternal postnatal depression: a systematic review
Warfa, N., Harper, M., Nicolais, G., & Bhui, K. S. (2014) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-014-0056-x · Cited by 66
The role of attachment in medically unexplained symptoms and long-term illness
Adshead, G. M. J., & Guthrie, E. (2015) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.114.013045 · Cited by 57
Trillingsgaard, T., Elklit, A., Shevlin, M. E., & Maimburg, R. D. (2011) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2011.611937 · Cited by 57
“In a review on adult attachment measures (Ravitz, Maunder, Hunter, Sthankiya, & Lancee, 2010 ), the RAAS is selected for review based on its strong psychometric properties, wide use, and potential utility for psychosomatic research.”
BackgroundAttachment Style Changes Following Intensive Short-term Group Psychotherapy
Kinley, J. L., & Reyno, S. M. (2013) · International journal of group psychotherapy · doi:10.1521/ijgp.2013.63.1.53 · Cited by 52
Kong, S. S., Kang, D. R., Oh, M. J., & Kim, N. H. (2017) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2017.1329772 · Cited by 63
Debrot, A., Stellar, J. E., MacDonald, G., Keltner, D., & Impett, E. A. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167220977709 · Cited by 53
“Despite their reliability and validity, these instruments solely measure conscious attitudes toward relationships and cannot identify when cognitive distortions alter responses (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
BackgroundGander, M., George, C. C., Pokorný, D., & Buchheim, A. (2016) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0639-2 · Cited by 63
“In the current literature, there has been substantially more research using self-report measures of attachment in adolescents, which are often criticized for problems with subjectivity and difficulty in integrating empirical findings to developmental attachment constructs [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialGander, M., Buchheim, A., Bock, A., Steppan, M., Sevecke, K., & Goth, K. (2020) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2020_34_468 · Cited by 58
Unwanted Pursuit Behavior After Breakup: Occurrence, Risk Factors, and Gender Differences
de Smet, O., Uzieblo, K., Loeys, T., Buysse, A., & Onraedt, T. (2015) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-015-9687-9 · Cited by 51
“Previous research has supported the reliability and validity of the ECR (Ravitz et al. 2010).”
Attachment and Borderline Personality Disorder
Buchheim, A., & Diamond, D. (2018) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2018.07.010 · Cited by 54
A dyadic analysis of partner violence and adult attachment
Sommer, J., Babcock, J., & Sharp, C. (2017) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-016-9868-1 · Cited by 51
“More specifically, self-report measures are likely to capture conscious attachment attitudes, whereas interview measures are more likely to capture unconscious attachment attitudes (Ravitz et al. 2010).”
BackgroundThe Impact of Behavioral Couple Therapy on Attachment in Distressed Couples
Benson, L. A., Sevier, M., & Christensen, A. (2013) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12020 · Cited by 51
Ehrenthal, J. C., Zimmermann, J., Brenk-Franz, K., Dinger, U., Schauenburg, H., Brähler, E., & Strauss, B. M. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00637-z · Cited by 56
“In other words, although an eightitem questionnaire captures some aspects of attachment insecurity, researchers should always be cautious to select an instrument which is best suited to their specific study question [22].”
BackgroundInfluentialAttachment security moderates the link between adverse childhood experiences and cellular aging
Dagan, O., Asok, A., Steele, H., Steele, M., & Bernard, K. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001705 · Cited by 50
The role of self-compassion in the well-being of self-identifying gay men
Beard, K., Eames, C., & Withers, P. (2017) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2016.1233163 · Cited by 57
Ferraro, I. K., & Taylor, A. M. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110641 · Cited by 47
Scrima, F., Stefano, G. D., Guarnaccia, C., & Lorito, L. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.013 · Cited by 47
Is Attachment to God a Unique Predictor of Mental Health? Test in a Jewish Sample
Pirutinsky, S., Rosmarin, D. H., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2019) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2019.1565249 · Cited by 46
The Relationship between Adult Attachment and Mental Health Care Utilization: A Systematic Review
Adams, G. C., Wrath, A. J., & Meng, X. (2018) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743718779933 · Cited by 45
“For a thorough review of attachment measures, see Ravitz et al.(6) According to attachment theory and research, the patterns of interpersonal relationships specific to different attachments may be important determinants of illness behaviour, care seeking, and treatment response in patients.”
BackgroundHayden, M. C., Müllauer, P. K., Gaugeler, R., Senft, B., & Andreas, S. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22673 · Cited by 56
Varfi, N., Rothen, S., Jasiowka, K., Lepers, T., Bianchi‐Demicheli, F., & Khazaal, Y. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.9978 · Cited by 46
“Several studies showed good test-retest reliability and a good association of the subscale scores with other ratings of daily anxiety and avoidance faced with a close companion [66].”
Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M., Kushner, S. C., Benoit, D., & Atkinson, L. R. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.03.015 · Cited by 43
“Whereas the AAI yields the primary attachment classifications of secure–autonomous, insecure–dismissing, insecure– preoccupied, and unresolved [23,28], the self-report attachment questionnaires either assign individuals to categories of attachment style or measure the degree to which dimensions of attachment style are…”
BackgroundRisi, A., Pickard, J. A., & Bird, A. L. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260891 · Cited by 78
“However, different attachment measures emphasize different attachment phenomena [33].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGleeson, G., & Fitzgerald, A. (2014) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2014.613196 · Cited by 43
Laczkovics, C., Fonzo, G. A., Bendixsen, B. H., Shpigel, E., Lee, I. A., Skala, K., Prunas, A., Gross, J. J., Steiner, H., & Huemer, J. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9839-1 · Cited by 43
“Attachment styles are quite stable (Ravitz et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialKrause, S., Pokorný, D., Schury, K., Doyen-Waldecker, C., Hulbert, A.-L., Karabatsiakis, A., Kolassa, I., Gündel, H., Waller, C., & Buchheim, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00627 · Cited by 47
“Oxytocin levels increased from pre to post in the significant majority of 73% participants (p = 0.004) and cortisol decreased in the significant majority of 73% participants (p = 0.004).”
BackgroundInfluentialTibi, L., van Oppen, P., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Eikelenboom, M., Rickelt, J., Schruers, K. R. J., & Anholt, G. E. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.03.009 · Cited by 42
“The RQ shows adequate reliability and convergent validity [46].”
BackgroundInsecure attachment predicts depression and death anxiety in advanced cancer patients
Scheffold, K., Philipp, R., Koranyi, S., Engelmann, D., Schulz‐Kindermann, F., Härter, M. C., & Mehnert, A. (2017) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951517000281 · Cited by 42
“Ravitz et al. (2010) suggested that there is no final consensus about whether attachment is inherently categorical or dimensional, but they made it clear that categories can be affiliated with dimensional scales, as was the case in our analysis.”
ResultThe roles of attachment and resilience in perceived stress in medical students
Thompson, G., Wrath, A. J., Trinder, K. M., & Adams, G. C. (2018) · Canadian Medical Education Journal · doi:10.36834/cmej.43204 · Cited by 42
“, disorganized).(16) The latter is believed to combine both anxious and avoidant features.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSexual Functioning in Young Women and Men: Role of Attachment Orientation
Dunkley, C. R., Dang, S. S., Chang, S., & Gorzalka, B. B. (2015) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2015.1061075 · Cited by 42
A Novel Integrating Virtual Reality Approach for the Assessment of the Attachment Behavioral System
Giglioli, I. A. C., Pravettoni, G., Martín, D. L. S., Parra, E., & Alcañíz, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00959 · Cited by 42
“In attachment research, the assessment methods widely used and validated are self-report questionnaires, interviews or projective measures (see the review of Ravitz et al., 2010), while attachment behaviors have been addressed less in adults.”
BackgroundMethodAttachment style is associated with perceived spouse responses and pain-related outcomes.
Forsythe, L. P., Romano, J. M., Jensen, M. P., & Thorn, B. E. (2012) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030083 · Cited by 40
“Both categorical and dimensional approaches to the assessment of attachment continue to be represented in the literature (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMonteleone, A. M., Cardi, V., Volpe, U., Fico, G., Ruzzi, V., Pellegrino, F., Castellini, G., Monteleone, P., & Maj, M. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.002 · Cited by 44
“Although there is large agreement in considering appropriate the use of dimensional self-report attachment instruments (Ravitz et al., 2010), an interview such as the Adult Attachment Interview, would be a more appropriate instrument.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ravitz, P., Maunder, R., Hunter, J., Sthankiya, B., & Lancee, W.
- Affiliations
- Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Ravitz, Paula
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-10
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 419-432
- ISSN
- 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2048140405
- Cited by
- 709
- References
- 165
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- adult attachment, attachment measurement, psychosomatic research, psychometric properties, reliability and validity, Experiences in Close Relationships, Adult Attachment Interview, Adult Attachment Scale, Attachment Style Questionnaire, Parental Bonding Instrument, biopsychosocial functioning
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Humans, Object Attachment, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
