Cited by 709Attachment and Relationship DynamicsPsychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

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Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review

Ravitz, Paula, Maunder, Robert, Hunter, Jon, Sthankiya, Bhadra, Lancee, William·2010·Journal of Psychosomatic Research

DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.08.006

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Abstract

Objective Over the past 25 years, attachment research has extended beyond infant-parent bonds to examine dyadic relationships in children, adolescents, and adults. Attachment has been shown to influence a wide array of biopsychosocial phenomena, including social functioning, coping, stress response, psychological well-being, health behavior, and morbidity, and has thus emerged as an important focus of psychosomatic research. This article reviews the measurement of adult attachment, highlighting instruments of relevance to-or with potential use in-psychosomatic research.Methods Following a literature search of articles that were related to the scales and measurement methods of attachment in adult populations, 29 instruments were examined with respect to their utility for psychosomatic researchers.Results Validity, reliability, and feasibility were tabulated on 29 instruments. Eleven of the instruments with strong psychometric properties, wide use, or use in psychosomatic research are described. These include the following: Adult Attachment Interview (George, Kaplan, and Main); Adult Attachment Projective (George and West); Adult Attachment Questionnaire (Simpson, Rholes, and Phillips); Adult Attachment Scale (and Revised Adult Attachment Scale) (Collins and Read); Attachment Style Questionnaire (Feeney); Current Relationship Interview (Crowell and Owens); Experiences in Close Relationships (Brennan, Clark, and Shaver) and Revised Experiences in Close Relationships (Fraley, Waller, and Brennan); Parental Bonding Instrument (Parker, Tupling, and Brown); Reciprocal Attachment Questionnaire (West and Sheldon-Keller); Relationship Questionnaire (Bartholomew and Horowitz); and Relationship Scales Questionnaire (Grifiin and Bartholomew).Conclusion In addition to reliability and validity, investigators need to consider relationship focus, attachment constructs, dimensions or categories of interest, and the time required for training, administration, and scoring. Further considerations regarding attachment measurement in the context of psychosomatic research are discussed.

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Background
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“The attachment style of an individual can roughly be categorized as secure or insecure attachment [22].”
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“For example, instead of screening for symptoms of depression or anxiety, we might use validated measures of adult attachment [99] to identify attachment style.”
Method
Teachers’ attachment moderates links between students’ internalizing and externalizing problems, teacher-student relationships, and students’ school-related attitudes
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“The reliability and validity of the English and Hebrew scales have been well demonstrated (Brennan et al., 1998; Mikulincer & Florian, 2003), and the ECR is one of the most popular questionnaires for measuring adult attachment (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
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Background
Periodontal maintenance: individual patient responses and discontinuations
Graetz, C., Ehrenthal, J. C., Kowalski, R., Cyris, M., Geiken, A., & Dörfer, C. E. (2022) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-022-02655-8 · Cited by 9
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Method
Toward a definition of Attachment Trauma: integrating attachment and trauma studies
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Background
The OXTR polymorphisms are not associated with attachment dimensions: A three-approach study
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“stay with me’) to assess to which degree an individual avoids closeness and interdependence with others (Collins, 1996; Ravitz et al., 2010; Winham et al., 2015).”
Background
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Ebrahimi, E., Haratipour, H., Partash, N., & Bolbolhaghighi, N. (2021) · Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.34172/jcs.2021.011 · Cited by 9
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“23,24 As practicing palliative care clinicians, we take a less academic approach and probe our real-life patient interactions for useful clues about a patient’s attachment style.”
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Validation of the Adult Attachment Questionnaire-Revised (CAA-r)
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“attachment cited several studies supporting the predictive validity of the AAS for mood and personality variables (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Result
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“” In a systematic review of adult attachment measures, Ravitz et al. (2010) found both the AAS and RAAS to have good reliability and validity.”
Background
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“There are a number of self-report measures of attachment (Ravitz et al., 2010), including the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Scale (Fraley, Waller, & Brennan, 2000), an inventory that has high validity and reliability (Sibley, Fisher, & Liu, 2005).”
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“The Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) separates secure attachment into two dimensions: "comfort with emotional closeness" and "comfort with depending on or trusting in others" (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Background
The association between transient childhood psychotic experiences and psychosocial outcomes in young adulthood: Examining the role of mental disorders and adult attachment
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“Attachment was originally hypothesized to form in early childhood and remain stable (Ravitz et al., 2010), but more recent evidence has failed to support this (Badovinac et al.”
Result
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“While a substantial number of reliable measures of attachment in early childhood and adulthood is available (Bartholomew and Moretti 2002; Ravitz et al. 2010), measures of attachment in middle childhood are still in a phase of being developed and validated (Julius et al. 2009).”
Background
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“This puts adolescents at risk of a range of psychopathologies (33, 36, 48) and socio-emotional problems (47).”
Background
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“The interview was originally adapted from the Adult Attachment Interview and developed for use with 8- to 12-year-old children but has been used and evaluated in adolescents (see Privizzini, [48] for a review).”
Result
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“Previous research has shown that the AAI has good psychometric properties in both clinical and non-clinical samples (Bakermans-Kranenburg and Van IJzendoorn 1993; Ravitz et al. 2010).”
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“(2004) reported samples from Hong Kong and Taiwan to score higher on (romantic) attachment anxiety than their Australian counterparts.”
Background
The role of sensuality, imagination, and curiosity in high and optimal sexual satisfaction
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“Categorical measures of attachment are often preferred for clinical use (Ravitz, Maunder, Hunter, Sthankiya, & Lancee, 2010), and many authors (e.g., Cordon, Brown, & Gibson, 2009; Maunder & Hunter, 2009; Ravitz et al., 2010; Waring, Kernes & Bui, 2019) have used such an approach.”
Method
Online Sexual Behaviours Among Swedish Youth : Characteristics, Associations and Consequences
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“Insecure attachment can be conceptualized through two primary dimensions (Ravitz et al., 2010): attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance.”
The role of enmeshment and undeveloped self, subjugation and self-sacrifice in childhood trauma and attachment related problems: The relationship with self-concept clarity
Baroncelli, C. M. C., Lodder, P., van der Lee, M. L., & Bachrach, N. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104839 · Cited by 6
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“including increased risk for depression, anxiety disorder, poor social functioning, stressrelated disorders, substance abuse disorders, eating disorders, and personality disorders (Berry et al., 2008; Bifulco et al., 2006; Ma, 2006; Goodwin, 2003; Ravitz et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Exploratory Analysis of Pursue-Withdraw Patterns, Attachment, and Gender among Couples in Emotionally Focused Therapy
Huerta, P. L., Edwards, C., Asiimwe, R., PettyJohn, M. E., VanBoxel, J. W., Morgan, P. C., & Wittenborn, A. K. (2022) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926187.2022.2129521 · Cited by 11
“Similarly, the AAI has demonstrated good reliability (interrater reliability κ=.65; Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Background
Family Atmosphere and Suicidal Ideation in College Students: The Chain Mediation Effect of Attachment and Cognitive Flexibility
Yang, Z., Pu, R., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Wu, Y. H. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231216420 · Cited by 8
“A meta-analysis of attachment measures has proved that RQ has adequate reliability and very good face and discriminant validity (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Validation of a new assessment of hostile attribution bias in romantic relationships: The Hostile Attributions in Romantic Relationships Test
Li, D., Coker, B., & Rowe, A. C. (2024) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12694 · Cited by 6
L’attachement des femmes en période périnatale : de la vulnérabilité à la responsabilité
Michel, L., & Wendland, J. (2020) · Périnatalité · doi:10.3166/rmp-2020-0073 · Cited by 6
Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphisms and Maternal Overprotection Regulate Adult Social Expectations on Close Relationships
Bonassi, A., Cataldo, I., Gabrieli, G., Lepri, B., & Esposito, G. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11091123 · Cited by 5
“, Adult Attachment Styles, Adult Attachment Questionnaire, Revised Adult Attachment Questionnaire, Attachment History Questionnaire, Relationship Scales Questionnaire) [80].”
Background
Attachment and symptom reporting in adolescents and young adults after a concussion
Tuborgh, A. H., Svendsen, S. W., Elklit, A., Hunter, J., Jensen, J. S., Schröder, A., Nielsen, J. F., Thastum, M. M., Næss‐Schmidt, E. T., & Rask, C. U. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110603 · Cited by 6
“Two approaches have evolved to assess adult attachment style [32, 35]: firstly; the developmental approach which infers states of mind regarding childhood experiences with caregivers; secondly, the social and personality research approach which measures attachment-related thoughts and feelings in adult relationships.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Assessment of Unresolved/Disorganized State of Mind in Relation to Attachment: A ROC Curve Study Using the Adult Attachment Interview and the Measure of Parental Style.
Imperatori, C., Adenzato, M., Palmiero, L., Farina, B., & Ardito, R. B. (2022) · PubMed Central · doi:10.36131/cnfioritieditore20220402 · Cited by 6
“Various studies have shown that the MOPS is a reliable and valid tool for assessing parental style (Parker et al., 1997; Picardi et al., 2013; Rumpold et al., 2002).”
Method
Native American Students in U.S. Higher Education: A Look from Attachment Theory
Simi, D., & Matusitz, J. (2015) · Interchange · doi:10.1007/s10780-015-9256-4 · Cited by 13
Overlooked Ethical Problems Associated With the Research and Practice of Evidence-Based Treatments
Gnaulati, E. (2018) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167818800219 · Cited by 6
Assessing Adult Attachment: Relation and Validity of two Dynamic-Maturational Model Approaches
Pace, A., & Bufford, R. K. (2018) · Interpersona An International Journal on Personal Relationships · doi:10.5964/ijpr.v12i2.318 · Cited by 6
“It may suggest that the ARQ is assessing something entirely different, a conundrum faced by many self-report measures of adult attachment (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
“Surrounded, detached”: the relationship between defensive peripersonal space and personality
Biggio, M., Escelsior, A., Murri, M. B., Trabucco, A., Delfante, F., da Silva, B. P., Bisio, A., Serafini, G., Bove, M., & Amore, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1244364 · Cited by 5
Preliminary Validation of the Feelings Experienced in Supervision Scale
Rogers, J. L., Goodrich, K. M., Gilbride, D. D., & Luke, M. M. (2020) · Counselor Education and Supervision · doi:10.1002/ceas.12171 · Cited by 5
Self-reported outcomes after the onset of puberty in patients undergoing primary distal hypospadias repair by the tubularized incised plate technique combined with preputial reconstruction vs. circumcision: A norm related study
Durante, L., Bianco, M. D., Pelizzari, A., Mandato, F. G., Esposito, C., & Castagnetti, M. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.11.024 · Cited by 5
The impact of psychological attachment on the relationship between periodontal health and dental fear in patients with versus without psoriasis: a questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study
Graetz, C., Woeste, S., Mrowietz, U., & Ehrenthal, J. C. (2021) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-021-01457-8 · Cited by 5
“In line with current recommendations [39, 40], we do not categorize patients on the basis of their questionnaire values into categorical attachment styles but rather calculated an attachment anxiety dimension by subtracting the secure plus dismissing scales from the fearful plus preoccupied scales and an attachment av…”
Background
No evidence for modulation of facial mimicry by attachment tendencies in adulthood: an EMG investigation
Vacaru, S. V., van Schaik, J. E., Spieß, L., & Hunnius, S. (2021) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2021.1973946 · Cited by 7
“However, it is important to note that it is not a clinical assessment of early parent-caregiving experiences (Ravitz et al., 2010; Roisman et al., 2007).”
Background
A correlation study of music training, adult attachment, and personality traits using a large-sample questionnaire
Liu, Y., Liu, X., & Zheng, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1218848 · Cited by 6
“This questionnaire has adequate test–retest reliability and predictive validity (Ravitz et al., 2010; Wongpakaran et al., 2021), and it has been adopted globally.”
Method
Genetic Contributions on Attachment in Emerging Adults: Cumulative Effects of Serotonergic Polymorphisms
Zhao, W., Qiao, C., Liu, J., Zhou, M., Lan, Q., Liang, W., Xiao, Y., Yang, M. H., Yang, Y., & Gong, P. (2024) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-024-02054-y · Cited by 5
“Strong evidence suggests that differences in attachment styles are rooted in these dimensions of anxiety and avoidance (Ravitz et al., 2010; Smith et al., 1999).”
Attachment is in the eye of the beholder: a pupillometry study on emotion processing
Vacaru, S. V., Waters, T. E. A., & Hunnius, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-92347-4 · Cited by 7
Propiedades psicométricas de una versión en español del Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R)
Nóblega, M., Murillo, J. N. D. P., Zapata, N. A., Barreda-Parra, A., Cabrerizo, P., Valdivia, E. A. C., Peña, M. M. J., Olivera, Á. N., Luján, B. O., Palomino, A., et al. (2019) · Revista de psicología · doi:10.5354/0719-0581.2018.52308 · Cited by 5
“Las investigaciones de esta línea provienen principalmente de una perspectiva social en la que se plantea una conceptualización del apego a través de factores dimensionales (Martínez & Santelices, 2005; Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Influential
Trends Over Time in Emerging Adults’ Self-Reports of Attachment Styles
Sprecher, S. (2020) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/2167696820962599 · Cited by 5
“As noted by Konrath et al. (2014), the RQ has been the most widely used self-report measure of adult attachment and has been found to be valid and congruent to other measures of adult attachment style (Brennan et al., 1991; Leak & Parsons, 2001; Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Method
Evaluation der deutschsprachigen Kurzform des Experiences in Close Relationships Questionnaire (ECR-RD 12) im stationären Psychotherapiesetting
Flemming, E., Lübke, L., Masuhr, O., Jaeger, U., Brenk-Franz, K., & Spitzer, C. (2021) · Zeitschrift für psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie · doi:10.13109/zptm.2021.67.1.56 · Cited by 5
The Association between Therapeutic Alliance and Parental Health Outcomes following a Child's Death in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Suttle, M. L., Hall, M. W., Pollack, M. M., Berg, R. A., McQuillen, P. S., Mourani, P. M., Sapru, A., Carcillo, J. A., Startup, E., Holubkov, R., et al. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Intensive Care · doi:10.1055/s-0041-1727179 · Cited by 5
Factor Structure, Psychometric Properties, and Validation of the Hungarian Version of the Experiences in Close Relationships Revised (ECR-R-HU) Questionnaire in a Nationally Representative Community Sample
Dupont, K., Gervai, J., Danis, I., Tóth, I., Koren, R., & Török, S. (2022) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2021.2019054 · Cited by 5
“This conceptualization inspired the development of various questionnaires intending to measure attachment styles (for reviews see Ravitz et al., 2010; Crowell et al., 2016).”
Background
Avoidant attachment transmission to offspring in families with a depressed parent
Tumasian, R. A., Galfalvy, H., Enslow, M. R., Brent, D. A., Melhem, N., Burke, A. K., Mann, J. J., & Grunebaum, M. F. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.059 · Cited by 5
An Online Attachment Style Recognition System Based on Voice and Machine Learning
Gómez-Zaragozá, L., Marín‐Morales, J., Parra, E., Giglioli, I. A. C., & Alcañíz, M. (2023) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2023.3304369 · Cited by 5
“The assessment of adult attachment styles is mainly done through self-report questionnaires and interviews, as detailed in [18].”
Method
Attachment Behaviors in Physiological Birth Versus Cesarean Section
Ebrahimi, E., Karimian, Z., Kolahdozan, S., Emamian, M. H., & Bolbolhaghighi, N. (2018) · International Journal of Women s Health and Reproduction Sciences · doi:10.15296/ijwhr.2020.34 · Cited by 5
“Therefore, it is unlikely that the mode of delivery can undergo such a profound reaction (35-39).”
Background
Analysis of factors affecting the behaviour of both dogs during a Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) to assess intraspecific attachment
Riggio, G., Gazzano, A., Campera, M., Borrelli, C., & Mariti, C. (2022) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105695 · Cited by 5
Investigating the Relationship between Adult Attachment Style and Belief in the Paranormal: Results from Two Studies
Rogers, P. (2013) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/ic.32.4.e · Cited by 5
“First, the four RSQ subscales explained considerably more criterion variance than the four RQ categories, implying continuous measures are a more reliable way of identifying predictors of (at least) paranormal belief than their discrete, forced choice counterparts (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Background
Gehechtheid en somatisatie
Kooiman, C. G., & Koelen, J. A. (2012) · Tijdschrift voor Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s12485-012-0030-0 · Cited by 5
The Impact of Online and Offline Contexts on the Association Between Attachment Anxiety and Cognitive, Emotional and Behavioural Responses – A Test of the Mirroring and Transformation Frameworks
Hutchison, T., Sherratt, K., & Tibber, M. S. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2381927 · Cited by 4
“Following Collins, the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) (Collins, 1996), a well validated and reliable measure of attachment, was used to measure individuals’ attachment style (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Effectiveness of narrative therapy on adult attachment styles and expressivity in women experiencing low marital satisfaction
Ghavibazou, E., Hosseinian, S., Abdollahi, A., & Kivi, H. G. (2021) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12493 · Cited by 2
Management consulting effectiveness: Contribution of the working alliance and the consultant’s attachment orientation.
Beaudoin, M.-C. L., Brassard, A., & Roy, F. (2022) · Consulting psychology journal · doi:10.1037/cpb0000221 · Cited by 4
Evlilik Kaygısında Bağlanma Stillerinin Yordayıcılığı
Çıtak, Ş., & Başar, A. B. (2023) · ODÜ Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi (ODÜSOBİAD) · doi:10.48146/odusobiad.1186297 · Cited by 4
Four attachment-based categories of emotion regulation in adolescent psychic troubles
Robin, M., Surjous, L., Belbèze, J., Bonnardel, L., Lamas, C., Silva, J., Peres, V., & Corcos, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1133980 · Cited by 5
“There is currently no consensus as to whether attachment phenomena are inherently categorical or dimensional (Ravitz et al., 2010), and it is perhaps the dual consideration of attachment via dimensions and categories at the same time that allows us to see the extent to which the two anxious and avoidant dimensions com…”
BackgroundMethod
Reduced Identification as a Mother Mediates the Effect of Prenatal Risk Factors on Mother and Infant Socio-Emotional Functioning
Cruwys, T., Corkin, N., & Pasalich, D. S. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02808-z · Cited by 5
“To measure participants ’ attachment history, we included the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI; Parker et al., 1979; see also Ravitz et al., 2010).”

Authors: Ravitz, P., Maunder, R., Hunter, J., Sthankiya, B., & Lancee, W.
Affiliations: Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
Corresponding author: Ravitz, Paula
ORCID: Ravitz, Paula
Maunder, Robert
Venue: Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-10
Volume: 69
Issue: 4
Pages: 419-432
ISSN: 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.08.006
OpenAlex: W2048140405
Cited by: 709
References: 165
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 1.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: adult attachment, attachment measurement, psychosomatic research, psychometric properties, reliability and validity, Experiences in Close Relationships, Adult Attachment Interview, Adult Attachment Scale, Attachment Style Questionnaire, Parental Bonding Instrument, biopsychosocial functioning
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Humans, Object Attachment, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results

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Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review

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