Cited by 709Attachment and Relationship DynamicsPsychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

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Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review

Ravitz, Paula, Maunder, Robert, Hunter, Jon, Sthankiya, Bhadra, Lancee, William·2010·Journal of Psychosomatic Research

DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.08.006

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Abstract

Objective Over the past 25 years, attachment research has extended beyond infant-parent bonds to examine dyadic relationships in children, adolescents, and adults. Attachment has been shown to influence a wide array of biopsychosocial phenomena, including social functioning, coping, stress response, psychological well-being, health behavior, and morbidity, and has thus emerged as an important focus of psychosomatic research. This article reviews the measurement of adult attachment, highlighting instruments of relevance to-or with potential use in-psychosomatic research.Methods Following a literature search of articles that were related to the scales and measurement methods of attachment in adult populations, 29 instruments were examined with respect to their utility for psychosomatic researchers.Results Validity, reliability, and feasibility were tabulated on 29 instruments. Eleven of the instruments with strong psychometric properties, wide use, or use in psychosomatic research are described. These include the following: Adult Attachment Interview (George, Kaplan, and Main); Adult Attachment Projective (George and West); Adult Attachment Questionnaire (Simpson, Rholes, and Phillips); Adult Attachment Scale (and Revised Adult Attachment Scale) (Collins and Read); Attachment Style Questionnaire (Feeney); Current Relationship Interview (Crowell and Owens); Experiences in Close Relationships (Brennan, Clark, and Shaver) and Revised Experiences in Close Relationships (Fraley, Waller, and Brennan); Parental Bonding Instrument (Parker, Tupling, and Brown); Reciprocal Attachment Questionnaire (West and Sheldon-Keller); Relationship Questionnaire (Bartholomew and Horowitz); and Relationship Scales Questionnaire (Grifiin and Bartholomew).Conclusion In addition to reliability and validity, investigators need to consider relationship focus, attachment constructs, dimensions or categories of interest, and the time required for training, administration, and scoring. Further considerations regarding attachment measurement in the context of psychosomatic research are discussed.

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Background
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Exploration of Resilience in Relation to Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Attachment Styles
Kurilova, J. (2013) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/26075 · Cited by 15
Attachment, altruistic personality traits and the theory of planned behaviour as predictors of altruistic driving behaviours in young adults
Dewhurst, I., Rodwell, D., & Lewis, I. M. (2022) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2022.11.011 · Cited by 14
Food allergy and attitudes to close interpersonal relationships: An exploratory study on attachment
Polloni, L., Schiff, S., Ferruzza, E., Lazzarotto, F., Bonaguro, R., Toniolo, A., Celegato, N., & Muraro, A. M. (2017) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.12732 · Cited by 14
Ties that Bond and Bridge: Exploring Social Capital Among College Students with Foster Care Histories Using a Novel Social Network Instrument (FC-Connects)
Okpych, N. J., & Gray, L. A. (2021) · Innovative Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10755-021-09553-x · Cited by 14
“The ECR is one of the most widely-used tools to assess adult attachment styles (Ravitz et al., 2010) and has been used in a large study with transition-age foster youth (Courtney et al., 2004).”
Method
The way I see you. Implicit followership theories explored through the lens of attachment.
Thompson, P. M., Glasø, L., & Matthiesen, S. B. (2018) · The Psychologist-Manager Journal · doi:10.1037/mgr0000069 · Cited by 15
“T hi s ar tic le is in te nd ed so le ly fo r th e pe rs on al us e of th e in di vi du al us er an d is no t to be di ss em in at ed br oa dl y. style (Ravitz et al., 2010) and IFTs (Epitropaki et al., 2013) are available, and may be included in future studies on attachment and IFTs.”
Within-Person Associations Between Attachment Security, Need Satisfaction and Psychological Adjustment in Daily Life of Older Adults
Martin, A., Horn, A. B., & Allemand, M. (2019) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbz148 · Cited by 16
Attachment and Autonomy Problems in Adults With ADHD
Koemans, R. G., van Vroenhoven, S., Karreman, A., & Bekker, M. H. J. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712453170 · Cited by 20
My social comfort zone: Attachment anxiety shapes peripersonal and interpersonal space
von Mohr, M., Silva, P. C., Vagnoni, E., Bracher, A., Bertoni, T., Serino, A., Banissy, M. J., Jenkinson, P. M., & Fotopoulou, A. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.105955 · Cited by 16
“27 Of interest, another line of work proposed that PPS expands by trait-anxiety 23 in line with the idea that the functioning of the human defensive systems relates to personality traits such as fear and anxiety.”
Influential
Are We Any Closer to Understanding How Chronic Pain Develops? A Systematic Search and Critical Narrative Review of Existing Chronic Pain Vulnerability Models
Delgado-Sánchez, A., Brown, C. A., Sivan, M., Talmi, D., Charalambous, C., & Jones, A. K. P. (2023) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s411628 · Cited by 15
“To begin with, we must consider that attachment is not an easy construct to measure and different methods may lead to different estimations.(83) Furthermore, changes of attachment style could occur through the lifetime(84) which presents numerous challenges for testing the model.”
Addressing Concerns About How Perfectionistic Discrepancy Should Be Measured With the Revised Almost Perfect Scale
Rice, K. G., Gnilka, P. B., Davis, D. E., & Ashby, J. S. (2017) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117702241 · Cited by 13
Insecure and Unresolved/Disorganized Attachment in Patients With Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures
Gerhardt, C., Hamouda, K., Irorutola, F., Rose, M., Hinkelmann, K., Buchheim, A., & Senf, P. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2020.05.014 · Cited by 17
Two is a perfect number: Patient–doctor relationship and patient attachment style in palliative care
Zaporowska-Stachowiak, I., Stachowiak-Szymczak, K., & Stachnik, K. (2017) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317721307 · Cited by 13
“Thus, our method focused on the patients’ “conscious attitudes towards, or awareness of behaviors in, experiences of separation, loss, intimacy dependence and trust” (Ravitz et al., 2010), rather than on interviews.”
Method
PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE SLOVAK VERSION OF EXPERIENCES IN CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS-REVISITED (ECR-R) ON GENERAL ADULT SAMPLE
Gugová, G. R., Heretik, A., & Hajdúk, M. (2014) · Studia Psychologica · doi:10.21909/sp.2014.01.649 · Cited by 13
“In accordance with the general development of methodology in psychology, original categorical agreement/disagreement measures of different attachment styles were factor-analyzed and turned into continuous scales (see Fraley et al., 2000; Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Background
Reconceptualizing adult attachment relationships: A network perspective
McWilliams, L. A., & Fried, E. I. (2019) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12263 · Cited by 15
Insecure adult attachment style is associated with elevated psychological symptoms in early adjustment to severe burn: A cross-sectional study
Holt, R., Kornhaber, R. A., Kwiet, J., Rogers, V., Shaw, J., Law, J. S., Proctor, M.-T., Vandervord, J. G., Streimer, J. H., Visentin, D. C., et al. (2019) · Burns · doi:10.1016/j.burns.2019.03.011 · Cited by 13
“and discriminant validityas a questionnaire [30].”
Background
Mortality salience modulates cortical responses to painful somatosensory stimulation: Evidence from slow wave and delta band activity
Valentini, E., Koch, K., Nicolardi, V., & Aglioti, S. M. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.025 · Cited by 12
“This may be due to a lower sensitivity of the ASQ with respect to other attachment measures (Ravitz et al., 2010) or to a low number of observations compared to previous results (Meredith et al.”
Attachment Security in Pregnancy Mediates the Association Between Maternal Childhood Maltreatment and Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Offspring
Roth, M. C., Humphreys, K., King, L. S., Mondal, S., Gotlib, I., & Robakis, T. K. (2020) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-01073-7 · Cited by 12
The Adult Scale of Parental Attachment-Short Form: Psychometric Properties, Factor Analyses, and Validation
Michael, T., & Snow, M. S. (2019) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-019-09375-9 · Cited by 12
Personal Agency in Borderline Personality Disorder: The Impact of Adult Attachment Style
Hashworth, T., Reis, S. L., & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.669512 · Cited by 12
Attachment and social support mediate associations between polyvictimization and psychological distress in early Uganda and Kenya adolescents
Ferrajão, P. C., & Elklit, A. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105271 · Cited by 12
Attachment insecurity moderates emotion responses to mindfulness and loving-kindness meditation in adults raised in low socioeconomic status households.
West, T. N., Don, B. P., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2022) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001049 · Cited by 15
Hippocampal volume and parahippocampal cingulum alterations are associated with avoidant attachment in patients with depression
Bracht, T., Denier, N., Wallimann, M., Walther, S., Mertse, N., Breit, S., Federspiel, A., Wiest, R., & Soravia, L. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100435 · Cited by 12
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Validation of the Vulnerable Attachment Style Questionnaire
Kupeli, N., Norton, S., Chilcot, J., Schmidt, U. H., Campbell, I. C., & Troop, N. A. (2014) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-014-9432-3 · Cited by 12
“develop measures to assess patterns of attachment behavior in adulthood (see reviews: Crowell and Treboux 1995; Lyddon et al. 1993; Ravitz et al. 2010).”
Background
Le Questionnaire sur les structures relationnelles : adaptation et validation de la version française du Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures Questionnaire
Chaperon, É., & Dandeneau, S. (2017) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2017.04.002 · Cited by 12
Attachment security, values, and prosocial attitudes
Sánchez, A. M., García‐Martínez, J. M. A., Santa‐Bárbara, E. S., & Calvo‐Salguero, A. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12442 · Cited by 15
Listening to Sutra-Chanting Reduces Bereavement Stress in Japan
Taniyama, Y., Becker, C., Takahashi, H., Tokumaru, S., Suzuki, I., Okui, K., Gohori, J., Imai, Y., & Morita, T. (2019) · Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy · doi:10.1080/08854726.2019.1653637 · Cited by 13
Inheriting Mary Ainsworth and the Strange Situation: Questions of Legacy, Authority, and Methodology for Contemporary Developmental Attachment Researchers
Spies, R., & Duschinsky, R. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211047577 · Cited by 12
“Yet a strong tradition of self-report research on adult attachment emerged from within social psychology in the 1980s, led by researchers such as Phillip Shaver (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Background
Data quality and factor analysis of the Danish version of the Relationship Scale Questionnaire
Andersen, C. M., Pedersen, A. F., Carlsen, A. H., Olesen, F., & Vedsted, P. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176810 · Cited by 12
“Numerous other self-report measures assessing attachment among adults have also been developed [20].”
Background
Battered Woman Syndrome Questionnaire (BWSQ) Subscales: Development, Reliability, and Validity
Millen, D. H., Kennedy, T. D., Black, R. A., Detullio, D., & Walker, L. E. (2019) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2019.1627684 · Cited by 12
Attachment styles have a modulatory impact on psychophysiological arousal evoked by reciprocated and unreciprocated gaze
Prinsen, J., Deschepper, A., Maes, E., & Alaerts, K. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107773 · Cited by 11
The role of early attachment experiences in modulating defensive peripersonal space
Fossataro, C., Adenzato, M., Bruno, M., Fontana, E., Garbarini, F., & Ardito, R. B. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30985-2 · Cited by 11
Foster parents’ history of adverse childhood experiences, adult attachment, and parenting stress
Reisz, S., Aviles, A. I., & Adkins, T. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107005 · Cited by 15
Mentalizing in first-time fathers: reflective functioning as a mediator between attachment representation and sensitivity
Dinzinger, A., Ismair, S., Brisch, K. H., Sperl, W., Deneault, A., Nolte, T., Hitzl, W., & Priewasser, B. (2023) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2023.2258354 · Cited by 14
“Psychometric properties were described as excellent in several studies (Ravitz et al., 2010).”
Background

Authors: Ravitz, P., Maunder, R., Hunter, J., Sthankiya, B., & Lancee, W.
Affiliations: Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
Corresponding author: Ravitz, Paula
ORCID: Ravitz, Paula
Maunder, Robert
Venue: Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-10
Volume: 69
Issue: 4
Pages: 419-432
ISSN: 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.08.006
OpenAlex: W2048140405
Cited by: 709
References: 165
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 1.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: adult attachment, attachment measurement, psychosomatic research, psychometric properties, reliability and validity, Experiences in Close Relationships, Adult Attachment Interview, Adult Attachment Scale, Attachment Style Questionnaire, Parental Bonding Instrument, biopsychosocial functioning
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Humans, Object Attachment, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results

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Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review

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