Fear and distress disorders as predictors of heart disease: a temporal perspective
Open accessAbstract
Objective Few studies have been able to contrast associations of anxiety and depression with heart disease. These disorders can be grouped in fear and distress disorders. Aim of this study was to study the association between fear and distress disorders with subsequent heart disease, taking into account the temporal order of disorders.Methods Twenty household surveys were conducted in 18 countries (n=53791; person years=2,212,430). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed lifetime prevalence and age at onset of disorders, and respondents were categorized into categories based on the presence and timing of fear and distress disorders. Heart disease was indicated by self-report of physician-diagnosed heart disease or self-report of heart attack, together with year of onset. Survival analyses estimated associations between disorder categories and heart disease.Results Most respondents with fear or distress disorders had either pure distress or pure fear (8.5% and 7.7% of total sample), while fear preceded distress in the large majority of respondents with comorbid fear and distress (3.8% of total sample). Compared to the "no fear or distress disorder" category, respondents with pure fear disorder had the highest odds of subsequent heart disease (OR:1.8; 95%CI:1.5-2.2; p<0.001) and compared to respondents with pure distress disorder, these respondents were at a significantly increased risk of heart disease (OR:1.3; 95%CI:1.0-1.6; p=0.020).Conclusion This novel analytic approach indicates that the risk of subsequent self-reported heart disease associated with pure fear disorder is significantly larger than the risk associated with distress disorder. These results should be confirmed in prospective studies using objective measures of heart disease.
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Fear disorders such as phobias are not strongly related to depression or adverse outcomes in the course of CVD.
“Fear disorders on the other hand, such as phobias, are not strongly related to depression or adverse outcomes in the course of CVD, 2 but have been associated with an increased risk of developing CVD.”
From The effects of internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for depression in cardiovascular disease on symptoms of anxiety: a secondary analysis of a randomized trial. (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
The Introduction (page unavailable) distinguishes fear disorders, including phobias, from a distress category that includes depression. But it also says phobic fear may be strongly associated with adverse prognosis in patients with coronary heart disease; the Discussion cites studies linking it to prognosis, while acknowledging inconsistent results. That contradicts the attributed claim about adverse outcomes during CVD. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFear disorders have been associated with an increased risk of developing CVD.
“but have been associated with an increased risk of developing CVD. 6,7”
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
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- Authors
- Roest, A. M., de Jonge, P., Lim, C. W. W., Stein, D. J., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bruffaerts, R., Bunting, B., Caldas-de-Almeida, J. M., Ciutan, M., de Girolamo, G., Hu, C., Levinson, D., Nakamura, Y., Navarro-Mateu, F., Piazza, M., Posada-Villa, J., Torres, Y., Wojtyniak, B., Kessler, R. C., & Scott, K. M.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- University of Al-Qadisiyah (IQ)
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (MX)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- University of Ulster (GB)
- National School of Public Health, Management and Professional Development (RO)
- Shenzhen KangNing Hospital (CN)
- Israel Ministry of Health (IL)
- Jichi Medical University (JP)
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (PE)
- Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca (CO)
- Universidad CES (CO)
- Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego PZH – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy (PL)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Roest, A.M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 96
- Pages
- 67-75
- ISSN
- 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5674522
- OpenAlex
- W2601511582
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 2.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.rug.nl
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (acceptedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (044708)
- John W. Alden Trust
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Stichting de Drie Lichten
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Fundación para la Formación e Investigación Sanitarias de la Región de Murcia
- Servicio Murciano de Salud
- Fakultet Medicinskih Nauka, Univerziteta U Kragujevcu
- Fundação Champalimaud
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04, 5r01mh070884-05)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- Medical Research Council
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- Consejería de Sanidad y Política Social, Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia
- National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, R01‐MH070884, U01-MH-60220, MH60220, U01MH060220, R01‐MH069864)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA015799, R01DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (R03TW006481)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- fear disorders, heart disease, anxiety, depression, temporal order, comorbidities, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular risk, psychosomatic medicine
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Fear, Heart Diseases, Humans, Risk, Time Factors, Prevalence, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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