Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease
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Objectives The aim of this study was to determine whether post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) using a prospective twin study design and objective measures of CHD. Background It has long been hypothesized that PTSD increases the risk of CHD, but empirical evidence using objective measures is limited. Methods We conducted a prospective study of middle-aged male twins from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Among twin pairs without self-reported CHD at baseline, we selected pairs discordant for a lifetime history of PTSD, pairs discordant for a lifetime history of major depression, and pairs without either condition. All underwent a clinic visit after a median follow-up of 13 years. Outcomes included clinical events (myocardial infarction, other hospitalizations for CHD and coronary revascularization) and quantitative measures of myocardial perfusion by [(13)N] ammonia positron emission tomography, including a stress total severity score and coronary flow reserve. Results A total of 562 twins (281 pairs) with a mean age of 42.6 years at baseline were included in this study. The incidence of CHD was more than double in twins with PTSD (22.6%) than in those without PTSD (8.9%; p < 0.001). The association remained robust after adjusting for lifestyle factors, other risk factors for CHD, and major depression (odds ratio: 2.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.2 to 4.1). Stress total severity score was significantly higher (+95%, p = 0.001) and coronary flow reserve was lower (-0.21, p = 0.02) in twins with PTSD than in those without PTSD, denoting worse myocardial perfusion. Associations were only mildly attenuated in 117 twin pairs discordant for PTSD. Conclusions Among Vietnam-era veterans, PTSD is a risk factor for CHD.
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The association of PTSD and CVD is confirmed by objective tests of cardiovascular health and function such as nuclear imaging.
“and confirmed the association of PTSD and CVD by using objective tests of cardiovascular health and function such as nuclear imaging. 28-30”
From Psychological Health, Well-Being, and the Mind-Heart-Body Connection: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
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Association Between Cardiovascular Health and Cognitive Performance: A Twins Study
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- Authors
- Vaccarino, V., Goldberg, J., Rooks, C., Shah, A. J., Veledar, E., Faber, T. L., Votaw, J. R., Forsberg, C. W., & Bremner, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Vaccarino, Viola
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 970-978
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3823367
- OpenAlex
- W1562554724
- Cited by
- 247
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 16.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Florida International University Digital Commons (Florida International University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (K24HL077506, R01 HL68630, R01 AG026255, K24 MH076955, R21HL093665-01A1S1)
- American Heart Association (0245115N)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000454)
- Emory University General Clinical Research Center (MO1-RR00039)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, coronary artery disease, myocardial perfusion, coronary flow reserve, myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, major depressive disorder, Vietnam War veterans, stress severity, cardiovascular risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Coronary Artery Disease, Diseases in Twins, Follow-Up Studies, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Registries, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Twins, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, United States, Veterans, Incidence, Vietnam Conflict, Positron-Emission Tomography, Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
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