The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Fear, lockdown, and diversion: Comparing drivers of pandemic economic decline 2020
Open accessAbstract
The collapse of economic activity in 2020 from COVID-19 has been immense. An important question is how much of that collapse resulted from government-imposed restrictions versus people voluntarily choosing to stay home to avoid infection. This paper examines the drivers of the economic slowdown using cellular phone records data on customer visits to more than 2.25 million individual businesses across 110 different industries. Comparing consumer behavior over the crisis within the same commuting zones but across state and county boundaries with different policy regimes suggests that legal shutdown orders account for only a modest share of the massive changes to consumer behavior (and that tracking county-level policy conditions is significantly more accurate than using state-level policies alone). While overall consumer traffic fell by 60 percentage points, legal restrictions explain only 7 percentage points of this. Individual choices were far more important and seem tied to fears of infection. Traffic started dropping before the legal orders were in place; was highly influenced by the number of COVID deaths reported in the county; and showed a clear shift by consumers away from busier, more crowded stores toward smaller, less busy stores in the same industry. States that repealed their shutdown orders saw symmetric, modest recoveries in consumer visits, further supporting the small estimated effect of policy. Although the shutdown orders had little aggregate impact, they did have a significant effect in reallocating consumer visits away from "nonessential" to "essential" businesses and from restaurants and bars toward groceries and other food sellers.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“we tend to find relatively small reductions in travel due to SIPOs.”
From Policy evaluation during a pandemic (2023) · cites this paper as Goolsbee and Syverson (2021)
In the citing paper
“First, our results on the effect of SIPOs on travel are more similar to existing estimates (e.g., Goolsbee and Syverson (2021)).”
From Policy evaluation during a pandemic (2023) · cites this paper as Goolsbee and Syverson (2021)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
COVID-Induced Economic Uncertainty
Baker, S., Bloom, N., Davis, S. J., & Terry, S. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w26983 · Cited by 1,628
The impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations
Bartik, A. W., Bertrand, M., Cullen, Z. N., Glaeser, E. L., Luca, M., & Stanton, C. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2006991117 · Cited by 1,614
The effect of large-scale anti-contagion policies on the COVID-19 pandemic
Hsiang, S., Allen, D., Annan-Phan, S., Bell, K., Bolliger, I. W., Chong, T., Druckenmiller, H., Huang, L. Y., Hultgren, A., Krasovich, E., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2404-8 · Cited by 1,528
Alternative Transformations to Handle Extreme Values of the Dependent Variable
Burbidge, J. B., Magee, L., & Robb, A. L. (1988) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1988.10478575 · Cited by 1,425
The Cost of the Covid-19 Crisis: Lockdowns, Macroeconomic Expectations, and Consumer Spending
Coibion, O., Gorodnichenko, Y., & Weber, M. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27141 · Cited by 486
(2020) · Cited by 469
Labor demand in the time of COVID-19: Evidence from vacancy postings and UI claims
Forsythe, E. C., Kahn, L., Lange, F., & Wiczer, D. G. (2020) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104238 · Cited by 449
Causal impact of masks, policies, behavior on early COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S
Chernozhukov, V., Kasahara, H., & Schrimpf, P. (2021) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.09.003 · Cited by 403
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Berry, 2020, Not another COVID paper: the modest effects of shelter-in-place policies, Mimeo
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Macroeconomics of Epidemics
Eichenbaum, M., Rebelo, S. T., & Trabandt, M. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w26882 · Cited by 950
Chetty, R., Friedman, J. N., Stepner, M., & The Opportunity Insights Team (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27431 · Cited by 716
Exploring the impacts of COVID-19 on travel behavior and mode preferences
Abdullah, M., Dias, C., Muley, D., & Shahin, M. (2020) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2020.100255 · Cited by 736
The Macroeconomics of Epidemics
Eichenbaum, M., Rebelo, S. T., & Trabandt, M. (2021) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/hhab040 · Cited by 539
Determinants of Disparities in Covid-19 Job Losses
Montenovo, L., Jiang, X., Lozano‐Rojas, F., Schmutte, I. M., Simon, K. I., Weinberg, B. A., & Wing, C. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27132 · Cited by 431
Chetty, R., Friedman, J. N., Stepner, M., Opportunity Insights Team, Alatas, H., Baker, C., Barnhard, H., Bell, M., Bruich, G. A., Chelidze, T., et al. (2023) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjad048 · Cited by 355
Laborde, D., Martin, W. J., & Vos, R. (2021) · Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/agec.12624 · Cited by 326
Political Beliefs affect Compliance with COVID-19 Social Distancing OrdersPreprint
Painter, M., & Qiu, T. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3569098 · Cited by 322
Suffering in silence: How COVID-19 school closures inhibit the reporting of child maltreatment
Baron, E. J., Goldstein, E. G., & Wallace, C. T. (2020) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104258 · Cited by 328
Poverty and economic dislocation reduce compliance with COVID-19 shelter-in-place protocols
Wright, A. L., Сонин, К. И., Driscoll, J., & Wilson, J. (2020) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2020.10.008 · Cited by 300
Early evidence of the impacts of COVID-19 on minority unemployment
Couch, K. A., Fairlie, R. W., & Xu, H. (2020) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104287 · Cited by 282
COVID-19, consumer behavior, technology, and society: A literature review and bibliometric analysis
Cruz‐Cárdenas, J., Забелина, Е. В., Guadalupe-Lanas, J., Palacio-Fierro, A., & Ramos-Galarza, C. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121179 · Cited by 320
Internal and External Effects of Social Distancing in a Pandemic
Farboodi, M., Jarosch, G., & Shimer, R. (2020) · doi:10.3386/w27059 · Cited by 270
Which workers bear the burden of social distancing?
Mongey, S., Pilossoph, L., & Weinberg, A. (2021) · The Journal of Economic Inequality · doi:10.1007/s10888-021-09487-6 · Cited by 262
Wage inequality and poverty effects of lockdown and social distancing in Europe
Palomino, J. C., Rodríguez, J. G., & Sebastian, R. (2020) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103564 · Cited by 250
Did the paycheck protection program hit the target?
Granja, J., Makridis, C. A., Yannelis, C., & Zwick, E. (2022) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2022.05.006 · Cited by 239
Large socio-economic, geographic and demographic disparities exist in exposure to school closures
Parolin, Z., & Lee, E. K. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01087-8 · Cited by 217
Which Workers Bear the Burden of Social Distancing?
Mongey, S., Pilossoph, L., & Weinberg, A. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27085 · Cited by 214
COVID–19 media coverage and ESG leader indices
Akhtaruzzaman, M., Boubaker, S., & Umar, Z. (2021) · Finance research letters · doi:10.1016/j.frl.2021.102170 · Cited by 209
Determinants of Disparities in Early COVID-19 Job Losses
Montenovo, L., Jiang, X., Lozano‐Rojas, F., Schmutte, I. M., Simon, K. I., Weinberg, B. A., & Wing, C. (2022) · Demography · doi:10.1215/00703370-9961471 · Cited by 165
Almagro, M., & Orane-Hutchinson, A. (2020) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2020.103293 · Cited by 149
Kalemli‐Özcan, Ṣ., Gourinchas, P., Penciakova, V., & Sander, N. (2020) · IMF Working Paper · doi:10.5089/9781513557748.001 · Cited by 145
Political Beliefs affect Compliance with COVID-19 Social Distancing Orders
Painter, M., & Qiu, T. (2020) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2021.03.019 · Cited by 455
Shared mobility in post-COVID era: New challenges and opportunities
Shokouhyar, S., Shokoohyar, S., Sobhani, A., & Gorizi, A. J. (2021) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.102714 · Cited by 138
Which Workers Bear the Burden of Social Distancing Policies?Preprint
Mongey, S., Pilossoph, L., & Weinberg, A. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3586077 · Cited by 138
Risk perceptions and politics: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic
Barrios, J. M., & Hochberg, Y. V. (2021) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2021.05.039 · Cited by 136
COVID-19 and Global Income Inequality
Deaton, A. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w28392 · Cited by 132
Alexander, D., & Karger, E. (2021) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_01108 · Cited by 126
Watanabe, T., & Yabu, T. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252468 · Cited by 129
Çakmaklı, C., Demiralp, S., Kalemli‐Özcan, Ṣ., Yeşiltaş, S., & Yıldırım, M. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w28395 · Cited by 125
Coccia, M. (2023) · AIMS Public Health · doi:10.3934/publichealth.2023012 · Cited by 128
Evaluating the effects of shelter-in-place policies during the COVID-19 pandemic
Berry, C. R., Fowler, A., Glazer, T., Handel-Meyer, S., & Macmillen, A. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2019706118 · Cited by 121
Consumer responses to the COVID‐19 crisis: evidence from bank account transaction data*
Andersen, A. L., Hansen, E. T., Johannesen, N., & Sheridan, A. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/sjoe.12512 · Cited by 118
A comparison of COVID-19 epidemiological indicators in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland
Yarmol-Matusiak, E. A., Cipriano, L. E., & Stranges, S. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494820980264 · Cited by 111
Disease, downturns, and wellbeing: Economic history and the long-run impacts of COVID-19
Arthi, V., & Parman, J. M. (2020) · Explorations in Economic History · doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2020.101381 · Cited by 111
The Care Burden during COVID-19: A National Database of Child Care Closures in the United States
Lee, E. K., & Parolin, Z. (2021) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231211032028 · Cited by 111
Cantor, J., Sood, N., Bravata, D. M., Pera, M. F., & Whaley, C. (2022) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2022.102581 · Cited by 111
Cash Transfers in Pandemic Times
Gentilini, U. (2022) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/37700 · Cited by 111
Has the Paycheck Protection Program Succeeded?Preprint
Hubbard, R. G., & Strain, M. R. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3718188 · Cited by 96
Social Interactions in Pandemics: Fear, Altruism, and Reciprocity
Alfaro, L., Faia, E., Lamersdorf, N., & Saidi, F. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27134 · Cited by 92
Barro, R. J. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27049 · Cited by 90
COVID-19 and Global Income Inequality
Deaton, A. (2021) · LSE Public Policy Review · doi:10.31389/lseppr.26 · Cited by 87
Work from Home Before and After the COVID-19 Outbreak
Bick, A., Blandin, A., Mertens, K., & Dallas, F. R. B. O. (2021) · Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Working Papers · doi:10.24149/wp2017r2 · Cited by 86
Coccia, M. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-22024-w · Cited by 86
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global GDP growth
Gagnon, J. E., Kamin, S. B., & Kearns, J. (2023) · Journal of the Japanese and International Economies · doi:10.1016/j.jjie.2023.101258 · Cited by 86
The effect of COVID-19 on the economy: Evidence from an early adopter of localized lockdowns
Asahi, K., Undurraga, E. A., Valdés, R., & Wagner, R. A. (2021) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.10.05002 · Cited by 78
Social distancing and supply disruptions in a pandemic
Bodenstein, M., Giancarlo Corsetti, A., & Guerrieri, L. (2022) · Quantitative Economics · doi:10.3982/qe1618 · Cited by 78
Economic sentiment during the COVID pandemic: Evidence from search behaviour in the EU
van der Wielen, W., & Barrios, S. (2020) · Journal of Economics and Business · doi:10.1016/j.jeconbus.2020.105970 · Cited by 82
COVID-19: Lockdowns, Fatality Rates and GDP Growth
König, M., & Winkler, A. (2021) · Intereconomics · doi:10.1007/s10272-021-0948-y · Cited by 82
Economic Benefits of COVID-19 Screening Tests
Atkeson, A. G., Droste, M., Mina, M. J., & Stock, J. H. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w28031 · Cited by 78
Internet-of-nano-things (IoNT) driven intelligent face masks to combat airborne health hazard
Chaudhary, V., Gautam, A., Silotia, P., Malik, S., Hansen, R. D. O., Khalid, M., Khosla, A., Kaushik, A. K., & Mishra, Y. K. (2022) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2022.08.019 · Cited by 76
Alexander, D., & Karger, E. (2020) · doi:10.21033/wp-2020-12 · Cited by 76
Cronin, C. J., & Evans, W. N. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27531 · Cited by 75
Antipova, A. (2021) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100224 · Cited by 86
Impacts of COVID-19 on the self-employed
Kalenkoski, C. M., & Pabilonia, S. W. (2021) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00522-4 · Cited by 70
Macroeconomic Outcomes and COVID-19: A Progress Report
Fernández‐Villaverde, J., & Jones, C. I. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w28004 · Cited by 72
Fukushige, M., Ngo, N.-H., Lukmanto, D., Fukuda, S., & Ohneda, O. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.946077 · Cited by 74
Antràs, P., Redding, S., & Rossi-Hansberg, E. (2020) · doi:10.3386/w27840 · Cited by 69
Hussain, Z. (2021) · Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage · doi:10.1016/j.daach.2021.e00182 · Cited by 79
Herby, J., Jonung, L., & Hanke, S. H. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.08.30.23294845 · Cited by 73
Dave, D., Friedson, A., Matsuzawa, K., Sabia, J. J., & Safford, S. (2020) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2020.103294 · Cited by 65
What Explains Temporal and Geographic Variation in the Early US Coronavirus Pandemic?
Allcott, H., Boxell, L., Conway, J., Ferguson, B., Gentzkow, M. A., & Goldman, B. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27965 · Cited by 67
Poverty and Economic Dislocation Reduce Compliance with COVID-19 Shelter-in-Place ProtocolsPreprint
Wright, A. L., Сонин, К. И., Driscoll, J., & Wilson, J. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3573637 · Cited by 72
The impact of COVID-19 on the European short-term rental market
Guglielminetti, E., Loberto, M., & Mistretta, A. (2023) · Empirica · doi:10.1007/s10663-023-09576-x · Cited by 63
Mandated and Voluntary Social Distancing During The COVID-19 Epidemic: A Review
Gupta, S., Simon, K. I., & Wing, C. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w28139 · Cited by 69
No lockdown in the kitchen: How the COVID-19 pandemic has affected food-related behaviours
Grunert, K. G., Bauw, M. D., Dean, M., Lähteenmäki, L., Maison, D. A., Pennanen, K., Sandell, M. A., Stasiuk, K., Stickel, L., Tárrega, A., et al. (2021) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110752 · Cited by 66
The Australian Labour Market and the Early Impact of COVID‐19: An Assessment
Borland, J., & Charlton, A. (2020) · Australian Economic Review · doi:10.1111/1467-8462.12386 · Cited by 59
Covid-19, unemployment, and health: time for deeper solutions?
Hensher, M. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m3687 · Cited by 59
Antràs, P., Redding, S. J., & Rossi‐Hansberg, E. (2023) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20201479 · Cited by 59
The unequal effects of the health–economy trade-off during the COVID-19 pandemic
Pangallo, M., Aleta, A., del Rio-Chanona, R. M., Pichler, A., Martín-Corral, D., Chinazzi, M., Lafond, F., Ajelli, M., Moro, E., Moreno, Y., et al. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01747-x · Cited by 59
Has the Paycheck Protection Program Succeeded?
Hubbard, G., & Strain, M. R. (2020) · Brookings Papers on Economic Activity · doi:10.1353/eca.2020.0027 · Cited by 138
Saccone, D., & Vallino, E. (2025) · Agricultural and Food Economics · doi:10.1186/s40100-025-00388-0 · Cited by 93
Glaeser, E. L., Jin, G. Z., Leyden, B. T., & Luca, M. (2021) · Journal of Regional Science · doi:10.1111/jors.12539 · Cited by 58
Fiscal Policy in the Age of COVID: Does it ‘Get in all of the Cracks?’
Gourinchas, P., Kalemli‐Özcan, Ṣ., Penciakova, V., & Sander, N. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w29293 · Cited by 57
Almagro, M., Coven, J., Gupta, A., & Orane-Hutchinson, A. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3695249 · Cited by 58
Bizjak, J. M., Kalpathy, S. L., Mihov, V. T., & Ren, J. (2022) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/jofi.13173 · Cited by 53
Leeson, P. T., & Rouanet, L. (2021) · Southern Economic Journal · doi:10.1002/soej.12497 · Cited by 53
Temporary Unemployment and Labor Market Dynamics During the COVID-19 Recession
Gallant, J., Kroft, K., Lange, F., & Notowidigdo, M. J. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27924 · Cited by 50
Understanding firm survival in a global crisis
Salunkhe, U., Rajan, B., & Kumar, V. (2021) · International Marketing Review · doi:10.1108/imr-05-2021-0175 · Cited by 55
The economic impacts of COVID-19 and city lockdown: Early evidence from China
Wu, J., Zhan, X., Xu, H., & Ma, C. (2023) · Structural Change and Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2023.02.018 · Cited by 48
The impact of the non-essential business closure policy on Covid-19 infection rates
Song, H., McKenna, R. M., Chen, A. T., David, G., & Smith–McLallen, A. (2021) · International Journal of Health Economics and Management · doi:10.1007/s10754-021-09302-9 · Cited by 48
IT shields: Technology adoption and economic resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic
Oikonomou, M., Pierri, N., & Timmer, Y. (2023) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102330 · Cited by 47
Does COVID-19 make the firms’ performance worse? Evidence from the Chinese listed companies
Zhang, D., & Zheng, W. (2022) · Economic Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.eap.2022.03.001 · Cited by 46
Coccia, M. (2023) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102233 · Cited by 46
Covid-19 and Flattening the Curve: A Feedback Control Perspective
Lauro, F. D., Kiss, I. Z., Rus, D. L., & Santina, C. D. (2020) · IEEE Control Systems Letters · doi:10.1109/lcsys.2020.3039322 · Cited by 44
COVID-19: Early evening curfews and mobility
Velias, A., Georganas, S., & Vandoros, S. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114538 · Cited by 45
Inequality, fiscal policy and COVID19 restrictions in a demand-determined economy
Auerbach, A. J., Gorodnichenko, Y., & Murphy, D. (2021) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.103810 · Cited by 52
Fezzi, C., & Fanghella, V. (2021) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.103907 · Cited by 42
Fear of COVID‐19 contagion and consumption: Evidence from a survey of Italian households
Immordino, G., Jappelli, T., Oliviero, T., & Zazzaro, A. (2021) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4464 · Cited by 44
Kawaguchi, K., Kodama, N., & Tanaka, M. (2021) · Journal of the Japanese and International Economies · doi:10.1016/j.jjie.2021.101138 · Cited by 57
The Blossoming of Economic Epidemiology
McAdams, D. (2021) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-082120-122900 · Cited by 43
Mobility-based real-time economic monitoring amid the COVID-19 pandemic
Spelta, A., & Pagnottoni, P. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92134-x · Cited by 46
Economic and Health Impacts of Social Distancing Policies during the Coronavirus PandemicPreprint
Allcott, H., Boxell, L., Conway, J., Ferguson, B., Gentzkow, M. A., & Goldman, B. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3610422 · Cited by 43
Assessing the Association Between Social Gatherings and COVID-19 Risk Using Birthdays
Whaley, C., Cantor, J., Pera, M. F., & Jena, A. B. (2021) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.2915 · Cited by 42
Labor market trends and unemployment insurance generosity during the pandemic
Finamor, L., & Scott, D. (2020) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109722 · Cited by 42
Chen, S., Klaus Prettner, A., Kühn, M., & Bloom, D. E. (2021) · The Journal of the Economics of Ageing · doi:10.1016/j.jeoa.2021.100328 · Cited by 42
Juranek, S., & Zoutman, F. T. (2021) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s00148-021-00868-9 · Cited by 41
Children and Adolescents Dietary Habits and Lifestyle Changes during COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy
Farello, G., D’Andrea, M., Quarta, A., Grossi, A., Pompili, D., Altobelli, E., Stagi, S., & Balsano, C. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14102135 · Cited by 48
Behavior and the Transmission of COVID-19
Atkeson, A. G., Kopecky, K., & Zha, T. A. (2021) · AEA Papers and Proceedings · doi:10.1257/pandp.20211064 · Cited by 42
Browne, C. J., Gulbudak, H., & Macdonald, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110919 · Cited by 56
Metadata
- Authors
- Goolsbee, A., & Syverson, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goolsbee, Austan
- Venue
- Journal of Public Economics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 193
- Pages
- 104311
- ISSN
- 0047-2727 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7687454
- OpenAlex
- W3037490325
- Cited by
- 749
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 117 · 2022: 182 · 2021: 163
- FWCI
- 119.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Public Economics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, economic decline, consumer behavior, fear of infection, business closures, store traffic, essential businesses, COVID-19 mortality, policy effectiveness, restaurant closures, food retail
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
