The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 98 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 42 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The path taken: Consequences of attaining intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations in post-college life
Open accessAbstract
Life goals, or aspirations, organize and direct behavior over extended periods of time. The present study, guided by self-determination theory, examined the consequences of pursuing and attaining aspirations over a one-year period in a post-college sample. Results indicated that placing importance on either intrinsic or extrinsic aspirations related positively to attainment of those goals. Yet, whereas attainment of intrinsic aspirations related positively to psychological health, attainment of extrinsic aspirations did not; indeed, attainment of extrinsic aspirations related positively to indicators of ill-being. Also as predicted, the association between change in attainment of intrinsic aspirations and change in psychological health was mediated by change in the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Discussion focuses on the idea that not all goal attainment is beneficial; rather, attainment of aspirations with different contents relates differentially to psychological health.
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Claims the paper makes
68 Own result · 27 Own interpretation · 25 No full text of the sources · 22 Own method · 11 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Supported · 2 Sources not found · 1 Supported so far · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The z' test indicated that change in basic psychological need satisfaction was a significant mediator of the direct relation (z' = -2.26, p < .01).”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Change in Ill-Being
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites MacKinnon et al. (2002) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The methods table identifies the z′ test as a test of an intervening-variable effect, supporting the choice of method. The paper does not report a finding about change in basic psychological need satisfaction or the stated z′ value and p-value; those study-specific results are not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The z' test indicated that change in basic psychological need satisfaction was a significant mediator of the direct relation (z' = 2.69, p < .01).”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Change in Well-Being
What the sources say
- Supportedcites MacKinnon, Lockwood, Hoffman, West, and Sheets (2002) source
The paper’s methods discussion and comparison table describe the z′ test as a procedure for testing an intervening-variable (mediation) effect. The cited paper supports the choice of test; the reported z′ = 2.69 and p < .01 are results from the citing study, not findings attributed to MacKinnon et al. Page numbers are not provided in our copy’s matching passages. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, whereas attainment of intrinsic aspirations related positively to psychological health, attainment of extrinsic aspirations did not; indeed, attainment of extrinsic aspirations related positively to indicators of ill-being.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also as predicted, the association between change in attainment of intrinsic aspirations and change in psychological health was mediated by change in the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results indicated that placing importance on either intrinsic or extrinsic aspirations related positively to attainment of those goals.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, whereas attainment of intrinsic aspirations related positively to psychological health, attainment of extrinsic aspirations did not; indeed, attainment of extrinsic aspirations related positively to indicators of ill-being.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants reported higher attainment of the extrinsic aspiration for fame at Time 1 [M (SD) = 2.32 (0.95)] than at Time 2 [M (SD) = 2.16 (0.90)], t (132) = 2.39, p < .05.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results indicated that placing importance on either intrinsic or extrinsic aspirations related positively to attainment of those goals.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, whereas attainment of intrinsic aspirations related positively to psychological health, attainment of extrinsic aspirations did not; indeed, attainment of extrinsic aspirations related positively to indicators of ill-being.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“importance of intrinsic aspirations at Time 1 related positively to attainment of intrinsic aspirations at Time 2 (β = .51, p < .01)”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Primary Analyses: Structural Modeling of Aspirations and Psychological Health
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 43
- Probably not a substantial claim. 26
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Similar results have been found in diverse countries and with working adults as well as college students (e.g., Ryan et al., 1999; Schmuck, Kasser, & Ryan, 2000; Vansteenkiste et al., 2007).”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > The Pursuit of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ryan et al., 1999 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schmuck, Kasser, & Ryan, 2000 source
- Supportedcites Vansteenkiste et al., 2007 source
The Method passage identifies the participants as 885 Belgian employees, and the Conclusions report that employees placing greater importance on materialistic work values experienced worse job outcomes. This supports the citation's contribution to the sentence: similar findings among working adults. The sentence cites other studies alongside this one for its broader reference to countries and college students. (LLM, conf=0.89)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Vansteenkiste et al. (2007) reported that employees who held an extrinsic (relative to an intrinsic) work value orientation reported both short-lived satisfaction after successful goal attainment and also conflict between their work and family.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Vansteenkiste et al. (2007) source
The Results section reports that, in Study 2, an extrinsic relative to intrinsic work value orientation positively predicted both short-lived satisfaction and work-family conflict. The ‘Implications of employees’ work value orientations’ section specifies that the short-lived positive feelings followed attainment of a work goal and that extrinsically oriented employees experienced more conflict between work and family life. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All factor loadings were significant (p < .01) and ranged in magnitude from .39 to .95 (mean λ = .69).”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Primary Analyses: Structural Modeling of Aspirations and Psychological Health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second factor included the three negative indices of psychological health and yielded an eigenvalue of 1.27 that accounted for an additional 21.08% of the variance. Anxiety, physical symptoms, and negative affect had factor loadings of .89, .90, and .79, respectively.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Preliminary Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first factor included the three positive indices of psychological health and yielded an eigenvalue of 3.31 that accounted for 55.11% of the variance. Life satisfaction, self-esteem, and positive affect had factor loadings of .83, .85, and .87, respectively.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Females [M (SD) = 4.22 (1.47)] reported higher attainment of the intrinsic aspiration for community involvement at Time 2 than did males [M (SD) = 3.65 (1.28)], t (141) = 2.24, p < .05.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All paired samples correlations were significant (p < .01) and ranged in magnitude from .66 to .79.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Preliminary Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Time 1 ill-being related positively to Time 2 ill-being (β = .65, p < .01), indicating that ill-being remained relatively stable over time.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Change in Ill-Being
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the relation of the residual variance of Time 2 intrinsic attainment to the residual variance of Time 2 well-being was reduced from β = .63 (p < .01) to β = .16 (ns), indicating mediation of the direct relation.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Change in Well-Being
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in the current study, attainment of intrinsic aspirations related positively to psychological health, whereas attainment of extrinsic aspirations was either unrelated or negatively related to psychological health”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The covariances between the residual variances of Time 1 and Time 2 satisfaction of both autonomy and competence were not significant and thus were not included in the structural model used to test for mediation.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Change in Well-Being
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The covariances between the residual variances of Time 1 and Time 2 satisfaction of both autonomy and competence, as well as between Time 1 and Time 2 anxiety, were not significant”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Change in Ill-Being
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All factor loadings were significant (p < .01) and ranged in magnitude from .59 to .86 (mean λ = .72).”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Change in Well-Being
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The covariances between the residual variances of Time 1 importance and Time 2 attainment of both personal growth and money were not significant and thus were not included in the model used to test the fit of the structural model.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Primary Analyses: Structural Modeling of Aspirations and Psychological Health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, attainment of the extrinsic aspirations for money, fame, and image was unrelated to basic psychological need satisfaction and related slightly negatively to psychological health.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In short, to the extent that goal attainment does not provide basic psychological need satisfaction, it is unlikely to yield long-term psychological health benefits and may cause some decrements.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > The Attainment of Aspirations and Psychological Health
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sheldon and Kasser (1998) reported that students' overall progress toward goal attainment during a semester was beneficial for their psychological health.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > The Attainment of Aspirations and Psychological Health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sheldon and Kasser (1998) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, SDT argues that it is primarily when people attain intrinsic (rather than extrinsic) goals that they will experience greater well-being and less ill-being because it is only attainment of intrinsic goals that is likely to provide satisfaction of their basic psychological needs.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > The Attainment of Aspirations and Psychological Health
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reliability for this measure was α = .91 at Time 1 and α = .92 at Time 2.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reliability for this measure was α = .86 at Time 1 and α = .84 at Time 2.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Ryan, Sheldon, Kasser, and Deci (1996) suggested that the key difference between intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations, and the reason that the two groups of aspirations are differentially related to psychological health, is the degree to which those goals are linked to satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, which are considered by SDT to be the cor”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > The Relation of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations to Need Satisfaction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ryan, Sheldon, Kasser, and Deci (1996)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This research began with studies by Kasser and Ryan (1993) showing that people who strongly valued financial success relative to personal growth, close relationships, and community involvement reported poorer psychological health, suggesting a potential ‘dark side to the American dream.’”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > The Pursuit of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kasser and Ryan (1993) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“More specifically, SDT theorizes that the relations of the two types of aspirations to satisfaction of the basic psychological needs involves two components: first, that satisfaction of the basic psychological needs across development will promote higher importance of intrinsic (rather than extrinsic) aspirations; second, that the pursuit and attainment of intrinsic (rather than extrinsic)”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > The Relation of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations to Need Satisfaction
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Kasser and Ryan (1996) reported that the importance to individuals of pursuing intrinsic (relative to extrinsic) aspirations related positively to various indicators of well-being, including positive affect, vitality, and self-actualization, and related negatively to various indicators of ill-being, including depression, anxiety, and physical symptoms.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > The Pursuit of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kasser and Ryan (1996) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, one year after that, 147 (90% of the sample) were successfully contacted and returned their surveys.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Method > Participants and Procedure
plainn = 147- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Similarly, Williams, Cox, Hedberg, and Deci (2000) found that high school students who reported that their parents were autonomy-supportive (and thus promoted basic psychological need satisfaction) placed more importance on intrinsic (relative to extrinsic) aspirations and were less likely to engage in risky health behaviors, including use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > The Relation of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations to Need Satisfaction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Williams, Cox, Hedberg, and Deci (2000) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these results provide initial evidence that attainment of intrinsic, but not extrinsic, aspirations relates positively to psychological health and social functioning.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > The Attainment of Aspirations and Psychological Health
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These results suggest that the observed variables relate only to their underlying latent constructs and that the residual variances relate to one another as expected, and therefore provide justification for proceeding to test the hypothesized structural relations (Cole & Maxwell, 2003).”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Primary Analyses: Structural Modeling of Aspirations and Psychological Health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cole & Maxwell, 2003 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Discussion focuses on the idea that not all goal attainment is beneficial; rather, attainment of aspirations with different contents relates differentially to psychological health.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The reliability for each subscale was as follows: autonomy α = .72 at Time 1 and α = .73 at Time 2, competence α = .73 at both Time 1 and Time 2, and relatedness α = .82 at Time 1 and α = .83 at Time 2.”
- Also stated in: § Measures · plain
“The 21-item Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction Scale-General (e.g., Gagné, 2003) assessed satisfaction of autonomy (seven items; e.g., I generally feel free to express my ideas and opinions), competence (six items; e.g., People I know tell me I am good at what I do), and relatedness (eight items; e.g., I get along with people I come into contact with).”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gagné, 2003 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Measures · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More specifically, SDT theorizes that the relations of the two types of aspirations to satisfaction of the basic psychological needs involves two components: first, that satisfaction of the basic psychological needs across development will promote higher importance of intrinsic (rather than extrinsic) aspirations; second, that the pursuit and attainment of intrinsic (rather than extrinsic)”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > The Relation of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations to Need Satisfaction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reliability for this measure was α = .87 at both Time 1 and Time 2.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reliability for this measure was α = .85 at Time 1 and α = .84 at Time 2.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The intrinsic factor was so labeled because its goals are expressive of humans' inherent growth tendency and are conducive to satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness; the other factor was labeled extrinsic because its goals typically are pursued as a means to some separable outcome and are not directly linked”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > The Pursuit of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kasser & Ryan, 1996 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Most of the studies that have examined those relations, however, have focused on the association between psychological health and the pursuit or valuing of intrinsic (relative to extrinsic) aspirations (Kasser, 2002), with very few having focused on the attainment of those aspirations.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > The Relation of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations to Need Satisfaction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kasser, 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most contemporary goal theorists suggest that people feel good when they attain their goals (Emmons, 1986) and that goal attainment is beneficial to psychological health (Carver & Scheier, 1990; Locke & Latham, 1990).”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > The Attainment of Aspirations and Psychological Health
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Emmons, 1986
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carver & Scheier, 1990
- Not matchedcites Locke & Latham, 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the reliability for the negative affect subscale was α = .88 at Time 1 and α = .91 at Time 2.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reliability for the positive affect subscale was α = .91 at both Time 1 and Time 2;”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, Step 1 for mediation was satisfied for the relation of change in attainment of intrinsic, but not extrinsic, aspirations to change in ill-being.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Change in Ill-Being
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“all data were collected with self-report measures.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“past research on goal striving that has found that goal attainment relates positively to various indices of psychological health, including positive affect (e.g., Emmons & Diener, 1986), life satisfaction (e.g., Emmons, 1986), and subjective well-being (e.g., Sheldon & Elliot, 1999).”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our sample was rather homogenous. Most participants were Caucasian Americans and all were recent college graduates.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“as Wheeler and Miyake (1992) reported, upward social comparisons are associated with lower well-being”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wheeler and Miyake (1992) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the reason for this is that the attainment of intrinsic aspirations is closely related to satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, whereas the attainment of extrinsic aspirations is unrelated to basic psychological need satisfaction.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion > Broader Implications
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it seems that attainment of intrinsic aspirations is associated with psychological health because those goals are closely related to satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“considerable work has indicated that the pursuit of extrinsic aspirations is strongly negatively related to mental health.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, as hypothesized, attainment of intrinsic aspirations related positively to psychological health, whereas attainment of extrinsic aspirations was somewhat negatively related to psychological health.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Primary Analyses: Structural Modeling of Aspirations and Psychological Health
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“attainment of intrinsic aspirations maintained a strong relation to psychological health when allowed to compete for variance with attainment of extrinsic aspirations.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“much research suggests that successful goal attainment is conducive to psychological health (e.g., Emmons, 1986)”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion > Broader Implications
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Emmons, 1986
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it seems that the actual attainment of extrinsic aspirations does not interfere with basic psychological need satisfaction, although as our results suggest, neither does it facilitate such need satisfaction.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“to the extent that extrinsic aspirations are out of balance with intrinsic aspirations, their pursuit and attainment are expected to be unrelated to basic psychological need satisfaction and to relate negatively to psychological health (Ryan, Huta, & Deci, 2008).”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ryan, Huta, & Deci, 2008 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All factor loadings were significant (p < .01) and ranged in magnitude from .56 to .93 (mean λ = .73).”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Change in Ill-Being
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the perspective of SDT, the content (viz., intrinsic and extrinsic) of people's life goals is expected to relate differentially to satisfaction of the basic psychological needs, which in turn is expected to predict psychological health.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The restricted model yielded acceptable fit, χ2 (270) = 488.84, p < .01; χ2/df = 1.81; CFI = .91; NNFI = .88; RMSEA = .06. Importantly, this model did not differ significantly from the baseline model, Δχ2 (9) = 8.77, p = .46.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Change in Ill-Being
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this research on goal striving did not consider the content of the goals.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our perspective, which is based on a theory of basic psychological needs (i.e., SDT), suggests that certain goals are conducive to psychological health, whereas others are not, even when those latter goals are valued and attained.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion > Broader Implications
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, Step 1 for mediation was satisfied for the relation of change in attainment of intrinsic, but not extrinsic, aspirations to change in well-being.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Change in Well-Being
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“change in attainment of extrinsic aspirations does not relate positively to change in psychological health, presumably because it does not relate positively to change in satisfaction of the basic psychological needs”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these findings are rather striking, as they suggest that attainment of a particular set of goals (viz., extrinsic aspirations) has no impact on well-being and actually contributes to ill-being.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Findings based on the self-concordance model suggest that personal strivings (Emmons, 1986) and personal projects (Little, 1993) that are pursued for more autonomous reasons are more likely to be attained, and that attainment of self-concordant goals is particularly conducive to enhanced subjective well-being over time (e.g., Sheldon & Elliot, 1998, 1999; Sheldon & Houser-Marko, 2001).”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion > Broader Implications
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Emmons, 1986
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Little, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Sheldon & Elliot, 1998, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“which suggests that any associations between change in latent constructs are due to actual change in the constructs (Hertzog & Nesselroade, 2003), rather than to differences in how participants understood and/or reported the observed variables at Time 1 and Time 2.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Results > Change in Well-Being
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hertzog & Nesselroade, 2003 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our findings were correlational, so they do not provide evidence for the direction of effects among the constructs under investigation.”
§ The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life > Discussion > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Life goals, or aspirations, organize and direct behavior over extended periods of time.
“Life goals, or aspirations, organize and direct behavior over extended periods of time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The post-college transition is a critical developmental period in which individuals can begin implementing the goals they have adopted and internalized.
“This is a critical developmental period that marks people's transition into their adult identities and lives, as during this time individuals actually can begin to implement the goals they have adopted and internalized.”
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(132) = 2.39reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .018
“t (132) = 2.39, p < .05”
- Consistentt(141) = 2.24reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .027
“t (141) = 2.24, p < .05”
- Consistentχ²(147) = 251.19reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (147) = 251.19, p < .01”
- Consistentχ²(155) = 262.52reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (155) = 262.52, p < .01”
- Consistentχ²(258) = 507.18reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (258) = 507.18, p < .01”
- Consistentχ²(260) = 507.93reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (260) = 507.93, p < .01”
- Consistentχ²(269) = 512.59reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (269) = 512.59, p < .01”
- Consistentχ²(9) = 4.65reported p = .86 · recomputed p = .864
“χ2 (9) = 4.65, p = .86”
- Consistentχ²(258) = 479.55reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (258) = 479.55, p < .01”
- Consistentχ²(261) = 480.07reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (261) = 480.07, p < .01”
- Consistentχ²(270) = 488.84reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (270) = 488.84, p < .01”
- Consistentχ²(9) = 8.77reported p = .46 · recomputed p = .459
“χ2 (9) = 8.77, p = .46”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532 · cited 1×
“Mediation was tested using the Baron and Kenny (1986) method.”
MethodRyan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.68 · Cited by 54,599 · cited 3×
“Indeed, in the current study, attainment of intrinsic aspirations related positively to psychological health, whereas attainment of extrinsic aspirations was either unrelated or negatively related to psychological health, which is consistent with SDT predictions (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Niemiec et al., in press; Ryan & Dec…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationSelf-efficacy: The exercise of control
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158 · Cited by 46,835
(1998) · Cited by 36,049
The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01 · Cited by 34,210 · cited 4×
“Indeed, in the current study, attainment of intrinsic aspirations related positively to psychological health, whereas attainment of extrinsic aspirations was either unrelated or negatively related to psychological health, which is consistent with SDT predictions ( Deci & Ryan, 2000; Niemiec et al., in press; Ryan & De…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationIntrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7 · Cited by 26,772 · cited 1×
“This idea is drawn from both psychological ( Deci & Ryan, 1985 ) and economic”
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Self-efficacy: the exercise of control
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A theory of social comparison processes
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Cited by
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Vansteenkiste, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2013) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/a0032359 · Cited by 2,170
“Specifically, attainment of extrinsic goals was associated with more ill-being, whereas the attainment of intrinsic goals related to more well-being, both among early career adults (Niemiec et al., 2009) and senior adults (Van Hiel & Vansteenkiste, 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLiving well: A self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia
Ryan, R. M., Huta, V., & Deci, E. L. (2008) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9023-4 · Cited by 1,752
Self-citationA Self-determination Theory Perspective on Student Engagement
Reeve, J. (2012) · Handbook of Research on Student Engagement · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_7 · Cited by 1,650
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399820.013.0006 · Cited by 1,476
Self-citationBartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., Ryan, R. M., Bosch, J. A., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211413125 · Cited by 1,064
Self-citationThe relationship between materialism and personal well-being: A meta-analysis
Dittmar, H., Bond, R., Hurst, M., & Kasser, T. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037409 · Cited by 890
“6 These are Auerbach et al. (2009, 2011), Kasser et al. (2014), Malka and Chatman (2003), Nickerson et al. (2003), Niemiec et al. (2009), and Sheldon (2005a, 2009).”
Vansteenkiste, M., Niemiec, C. P., & Soenens, B. (2010) · Advances in Motivation and Achievement · doi:10.1108/s0749-7423(2010)000016a007 · Cited by 864
Self-citationVansteenkiste, M., Neyrinck, B., Niemiec, C. P., Soenens, B., De Witte, H., & Van den Broeck, A. (2007) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317906x111024 · Cited by 750
Self-citationBrick by Brick: The Origins, Development, and Future of Self-Determination Theory
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2019) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2019.01.001 · Cited by 882
Self-citationMartela, F., & Sheldon, K. M. (2019) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/1089268019880886 · Cited by 639
Materialistic Values and Goals
Kasser, T. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033344 · Cited by 564
Sheldon, K. M., & Hilpert, J. C. (2012) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-012-9279-4 · Cited by 487
Martela, F., & Ryan, R. M. (2016) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12215 · Cited by 422
Self-citationMartela, F., Ryan, R. M., & Steger, M. F. (2018) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9869-7 · Cited by 363
“In addition, satisfaction of SDT’s three basic needs has previously been shown to mediate the relations between intrinsic goals and wellness (e.g. Niemiec et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationKasser, T., Rosenblum, K. L., Sameroff, A. J., Deci, E. L., Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., Árnadóttir, Ö., Bond, R., Dittmar, H., Dungan, N., et al. (2013) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-013-9371-4 · Cited by 399
“Responses were made on a 5 Sheldon et al. (2004) and Niemiec et al. (2009) used the same sample and some of the same measures as in Study 2.”
InfluentialSelf-citationA self‐determination theory approach to understanding stress incursion and responses
Weinstein, N., & Ryan, R. M. (2011) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1368 · Cited by 342
“Research by Niemiec et al. (2009) also showed that as young, post-college adults pursued and attained progress at intrinsic goals, they experienced more positive wellness outcomes and fewer signs of stress, anxiety and depression.”
MethodResultSelf-citationJohnston, M. M., & Finney, S. J. (2010) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.04.003 · Cited by 378
“(e.g., Gagné, 2003), whereas others have computed three subscales to represent three distinct needs (e.g., Niemiec et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialDeci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-630-0_2 · Cited by 352
Self-citationRevisiting the Sustainable Happiness Model and Pie Chart: Can Happiness Be Successfully Pursued?
Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2019) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2019.1689421 · Cited by 311
Hedonic Adaptation to Positive and Negative Experiences
Lyubomirsky, S. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195375343.013.0011 · Cited by 274
Layous, K., Nelson, S. K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2012) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9346-2 · Cited by 250
“through goal pursuit and well-suited goal choices (Niemiec et al. 2009; Sheldon and Elliot 1999; Sheldon and Krieger 2007), thus indicating that intentional activities can increase fulfillment of psychological needs.”
BackgroundInfluentialRyan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2010) · Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9667-8_3 · Cited by 286
“Niemiec, Ryan, and Deci (2009 ) u sed a longitudinal design to examine young adults’ goal attainment from 1 to 2 years post-college, an important period marked by transition into adult identities and lifestyles.”
BackgroundSelf-citationLekes, N., Gingras, I., Philippe, F. L., Koestner, R., & Fang, J. (2009) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9451-7 · Cited by 250
“Through longitudinal studies, researchers have demonstrated the beneficial effects of intrinsic life goals on well-being ( Niemiec et al. 2009 )a s well as the beneficial effects of parental autonomy-support on children’s adjustment (Joussemet et al. 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialKalajas-Tilga, H., Koka, A., Hein, V., Tilga, H., & Raudsepp, L. (2019) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2019.06.001 · Cited by 270
College Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention: Testing an Integrated Model of SDT and TPB
Al-Jubari, I. (2019) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244019853467 · Cited by 253
What humans need: Flourishing in Aristotelian philosophy and self-determination theory
Ryan, R. M., Curren, R. R., & Deci, E. L. (2013) · The best within us: Positive psychology perspectives on eudaimonia. · doi:10.1037/14092-004 · Cited by 208
Self-citationSheldon, K. M., Abad, N. S., Ferguson, Y. L., Gunz, A., Houser‐Marko, L., Nichols, C. P., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-009-9153-1 · Cited by 225
Levels of Analysis, Regnant Causes of Behavior and Well-Being: The Role of Psychological Needs
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2011) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2011.545978 · Cited by 223
“Finally, and perhaps even more important, research by Niemiec, Ryan, and Deci (2009) found that, over a 1-year period, people who attained greater intrinsic aspirations also evidenced enhancements of psychological health and well-being but that those who attained greater extrinsic aspirations…”
BackgroundSelf-citationSelf-Determination Theory and the Explanatory Role of Psychological Needs in Human Well-Being*
Vansteenkiste, M., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199532148.003.0009 · Cited by 185
Self-citationWanting, having, and needing: Integrating motive disposition theory and self-determination theory.
Sheldon, K. M., & Schüler, J. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024952 · Cited by 217
Hein, V., Koka, A., & Hagger, M. S. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.04.003 · Cited by 163
Lee, W., & Reeve, J. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss029 · Cited by 177
“The scale has been widely used and has been shown to produce acceptable psychometric properties (Gagné, 2003; Wei et al., 2005; Niemiec et al., 2009).”
MethodEk, K., & Mukuru, E. (2018) · JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE · Cited by 158
Kelly, R. E., Mansell, W., & Wood, A. M. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.011 · Cited by 154
Motivation and the Goal Theory of Current Concerns
Klinger, E., & Cox, W. M. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470979952.ch1 · Cited by 165
Shen, C.-X., Liu, R.-D., & Wang, D. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.08.004 · Cited by 148
Comparing artificial intelligence and human coaching goal attainment efficacy
Terblanche, N. H. D., Molyn, J., de Haan, E., & Nilsson, V. O. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0270255 · Cited by 177
Jeno, L. M., Danielsen, A. G., & Raaheim, A. (2018) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2018.1502412 · Cited by 176
Self‐Determination Theory in Sport and Exercise
Standage, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119568124.ch3 · Cited by 192
Self-citationSheldon, K. M., Cheng, C., & Hilpert, J. C. (2011) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2011.532477 · Cited by 142
“…goal attainment upon changes in SWB were mediated by the need-satisfying daily experiences that goal attainment produced during the striving period, and Niemiec, Ryan, and Deci (2009) showed that the effects of postgraduation goal choices upon changes in SWB were mediated by need-satisfaction.”
BackgroundThe Basic Psychological Needs at Work Scale: Measurement Invariance between Canada and France
Brien, M., Forest, J., Mageau, G. A., Boudrias, J., Desrumaux, P., Brunet, L., & Morin, E. M. (2012) · Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2012.01067.x · Cited by 136
Liu, Q., Fang, X., Wan, J.-J., & Zhou, Z. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.048 · Cited by 127
Flett, G. L., Nepon, T. B., Goldberg, J. O., Rose, A. L., Atkey, S. K., & Zaki-Azat, J. (2021) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/07342829211050544 · Cited by 126
“The three subscales have satisfactory reliability (Niemiec et al., 2009).”
Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444318111.ch8 · Cited by 134
“, 2007) and attainment (Niemiec et al., 2009) of intrinsic aspirations are conducive to psychological need satisfaction, which in turn relates positively to psychological health.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSheldon, K. M., Prentice, M. S., & Осин, Е. Н. (2019) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.03.001 · Cited by 116
Legate, N., DeHaan, C. R., Weinstein, N., & Ryan, R. M. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612457951 · Cited by 128
Self-citationSheldon, K. M., Gunz, A., Nichols, C. P., & Ferguson, Y. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00612.x · Cited by 116
Almulla, M. A. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32220 · Cited by 174
“Literature on motivation theory in education underscores the significance of intrinsic motivation for promoting engagement, persistence, and learning outcomes [79 – 82].”
BackgroundHiel, A. V., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2009) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/ag.68.1.b · Cited by 112
Schultz, P. P., & Ryan, R. M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5_7 · Cited by 136
Self-citationThe Importance of Autonomy for Development and Well-Being
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139152198.005 · Cited by 131
Self-citationHope, N. H., Holding, A. C., Verner-Filion, J., Sheldon, K. M., & Koestner, R. (2019) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-018-9733-z · Cited by 107
Why choose a career in nursing?
Jirwe, M., & Rudman, A. (2012) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012.05991.x · Cited by 117
Comparing Potential and Actual Innovators: An Empirical Study of Mobile Data Services Innovation1
Kankanhalli, A., Ye, H. J., & Teo, H. (2015) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2015/39.3.07 · Cited by 103
Williams, G. C., Halvari, H., Niemiec, C. P., Sørebø, Ø., Olafsen, A. H., & Westbye, C. (2014) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2014.971920 · Cited by 104
Self-citationDucasse, D., Jaussent, I., Arpon-Brand, V., Vienot, M., Laglaoui, C., Béziat, S., Calati, R., Carrière, I., Guillaume, S., Courtet, P., et al. (2018) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000488715 · Cited by 103
Eudaimonia as a Way of Living: Connecting Aristotle with Self-Determination Theory
Ryan, R. M., & Martela, F. (2016) · International handbooks of quality-of-life · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_7 · Cited by 120
“Niemiec et al. (2009) examined such positive and negative effects in a longitudinal study, including the issue of the extent to which people not only valued, but actually attained, intrinsic or extrinsic aspirations.”
BackgroundSelf-citationFu, V. W. Y., Weatherall, M., McPherson, K., Taylor, W. J., McRae, A., Thomson, T., Gommans, J., Green, G., Harwood, M. L. N., Ranta, A. A., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1177/1747493020915144 · Cited by 99
“The intervention was developed from our qualitative research findings where people with stroke felt that the ability to take charge of their health condition was important to them,(10) and was refined by Self Determination Theory, which proposes that people with enhanced autonomy, competence, and relatedness have bett…”
MethodTilga, H., Hein, V., Koka, A., Hamilton, K., & Hagger, M. S. (2019) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2018.1546830 · Cited by 99
Rigby, C. S., Schultz, P. P., & Ryan, R. M. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118294895.ch12 · Cited by 107
Self-citationLife Aspirations, Personality Traits and Subjective Well–Being in A Spanish Sample
Romero, E., Fraguela, J. A. G., & Villar, P. (2011) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.815 · Cited by 107
“Experimental and longitudinal studies (e.g. Niemiec et al., 2009) are required in order to clarify the direction of these relationships.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSheldon, K. M., Corcoran, M., & Prentice, M. S. (2018) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-018-9980-4 · Cited by 106
“However, we presume based on past findings (Kasser 2002; Niemiec et al. 2009; Sheldon et al. 2017) that succeeding in becoming more oriented towards intrinsic (intimacy, community, growth) values and less Fig.”
MethodSelf-Determination Theory and Actualization of Human Potential
Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., & Guay, F. (2013) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-62396-238-820251006 · Cited by 99
Self-citationMilyavskaya, M., Nadolny, D., & Koestner, R. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167214524445 · Cited by 85
Gaggioli, A., Riva, G., Peters, D., & Calvo, R. A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801851-4.00018-5 · Cited by 100
Subjective well-being: Above neuroticism and extraversion, autonomy motivation matters
Olesen, M. H., Thomsen, D. K., & O’Toole, M. S. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.033 · Cited by 85
Proyer, R. T. (2012) · Pabst Science Publishers · doi:10.5167/uzh-63532 · Cited by 77
Gómez‐Baya, D., Lucia‐Casademunt, A. M., & Salinas-Pérez, J. A. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15071474 · Cited by 96
“Organizational research has revealed that need satisfaction is positively linked to outcomes, such as well-being in the workplace [13–15], and is negatively linked to health problems, such as distress [16,17] argued that well-being and ill-being are distinct but complementary, so complete well-being would be character…”
BackgroundGüntert, S. T., Strubel, I. T., Kals, E., & Wehner, T. (2016) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2015.1135864 · Cited by 97
“A study by Niemiec, Ryan, and Deci (2009) showed that even attaining extrinsic aspirations—which should be experienced as a success—was leading to anxiety and negative affect.”
BackgroundJeno, L. M., Nyléhn, J., Hole, T. N., Raaheim, A., Velle, G., & Vandvik, V. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2021.1990125 · Cited by 105
“In a longitudinal study, Niemiec et al. (2009) found that attaining extrinsic aspirations was positively related to ill-being, whereas attaining intrinsic aspirations was positively related to psychological well-being.”
BackgroundThe role of perceived need satisfaction at work for teachers' work-related learning goal orientation
Janke, S., Nitsche, S., & Dickhäuser, O. (2015) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2015.01.009 · Cited by 89
Walking the talk: Value importance, value enactment, and well-being
Sheldon, K. M., & Krieger, L. S. (2014) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-014-9424-3 · Cited by 77
“…samples and self-report methodologies, the absence of longitudinal data concerning the effects of walking and talking values upon well-being (Niemiec et al. 2009), and the relatively weak effects of values upon well-being (bs \ .10), which may be due to the shortened six-item values…”
BackgroundInfluentialMet expectations and the wellbeing of diaspora immigrants: A longitudinal study
Mähönen, T. A., Leinonen, E., & Jasinskaja‐Lahti, I. (2012) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207594.2012.662278 · Cited by 75
“Thus, it is possible that in the context of diaspora migration from Russia to Finland, the importance of culture preservation actualized in social relationships and free time is greater than the importance of one’s economic situation and work life. In their study, Tartakovsky and Schwartz (2001) found young Jewish emi…”
BackgroundIntegrating whole trait theory and self‐determination theory
Prentice, M. S., Jayawickreme, E., & Fleeson, W. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12417 · Cited by 84
Olčar, D., Rijavec, M., & Golub, T. L. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9611-y · Cited by 80
“The results showing that intrinsic life goals were related to higher satisfaction of the needs for relatedness and competence are in line with the bulk of previous research (Niemiec et al. 2009; Rijavec et al. 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLife Goals and Well-Being: Are Extrinsic Aspirations Always Detrimental to Well-Being?
Brdar, I., Rijavec, M., & Miljković, D. (2009) · University of Zagreb University Computing Centre (SRCE) · Cited by 71
Martela, F., Bradshaw, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02174 · Cited by 69
Self-citationA prospective study of the motivational and health dynamics of Internet Gaming Disorder
Weinstein, N., Przybylski, A. K., & Murayama, K. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.3838 · Cited by 78
Lekes, N., Hope, N. H., Gouveia, L., Koestner, R., & Philippe, F. L. (2012) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2012.677468 · Cited by 74
“In a one-year longitudinal study, Niemiec, Ryan, and Deci (2009) found that change in the attainment of post-college students’ intrinsic values related to change in well-being.”
BackgroundMethodPrentice, M. S., Halusic, M., & Sheldon, K. M. (2014) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12088 · Cited by 69
López‐Pérez, B., & Fernández‐Castilla, B. (2017) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9895-5 · Cited by 79
“In fact, previous research has linked eudaimonic or intrinsic goals to higher well-being or happiness (Niemiec et al. 2009).”
BackgroundRoman, N. V., Davids, E. L., Moyo, A. R., Schilder, L. J., Lacante, M., & Lens, W. (2015) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2015.1078087 · Cited by 76
Bühler, J. L., Weidmann, R., Nikitin, J., & Grob, A. (2019) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2194 · Cited by 76
“As argued by Niemiec, Ryan, and Deci (2009), extrinsic goals (which would include status goals) might be satisfying because they imply certain positive consequences of the activity rather than satisfaction with the activity itself.”
BackgroundZhang, J. W., Howell, R. T., Caprariello, P. A., & Guevarra, D. A. (2014) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.03.007 · Cited by 66
Thomsen, D. K., Tønnesvang, J., Schnieber, A., & Olesen, M. H. (2011) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-011-9209-x · Cited by 74
“Investigations of extrinsic-intrinsic goal contents have previously used self-reporting of goal content (Kasser and Ryan 1993; Schmuck et al. 2000; Sheldon and Kasser 1995, 1998; Sheldon et al. 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialJavalgi, R. G., & Grossman, D. A. (2015) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2015.10.008 · Cited by 63
Landry, A. T., Kindlein, J., Trépanier, S., Forest, J., Zigarmi, D., Houson, D., & Brodbeck, F. C. (2016) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-015-9532-8 · Cited by 74
“Our present findings are directly related to those of Niemiec et al. (2009) study, which showed that changes in need satisfaction mediate the negative relationship between attaining extrinsic aspirations such as financial success, fame, and image, and changes in psychological health.”
ResultNiemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Williams, G. C. (2008) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.08.015 · Cited by 69
“Recent theory [1] and research [2] have suggested that people differ in the level of importance they place on certain aspirations, and that the importance of those goals predicts their attainment; that is, the more important the goal, the more progress one will make toward achieving it [ 3 ,4].”
Self-citationOzimek, P., Baer, F., & Förster, J. (2017) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00449 · Cited by 63
“This behavior and basic belief about life and personal goals has a negative impact on many different variables, such as self-esteem and physical as well as mental well-being (Dittmar et al., 2014; Niemiec et al., 2009; Ryan et al., 1999).”
BackgroundService job lawyers are happier than money job lawyers, despite their lower income
Sheldon, K. M., & Krieger, L. S. (2014) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.888583 · Cited by 67
“Such effects also emerge longitudinally: for example, Niemiec, Ryan, and Deci (2009) showed that pursuing relatively strong extrinsic goals at time one predicted mental health decrements a year later.”
BackgroundOksa, R., Саари, Т., Kaakinen, M., & Oksanen, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18020803 · Cited by 67
“, [66,70,71], which can impact their activity on social media as well.”
BackgroundUniversity students' need satisfaction trajectories: A growth mixture analysis
Gillet, N., Morin, A. J. S., Huyghebaert, T., Burger, L., Maillot, A., Poulin, A., & Tricard, E. (2019) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.11.003 · Cited by 57
Place, Geographical Context and Subjective Well-being: State of Art and Future Directions
Wang, F., & Wang, D. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48184-4_10 · Cited by 69
Gómez‐Baya, D., & Lucia‐Casademunt, A. M. (2018) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12511 · Cited by 64
Entrepreneurial Well-Being: The Payoff Structure of Business Creation
Shir, N. (2015) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.32847.74407/1 · Cited by 55
Prinzing, M., Nguyen, K. D. L., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2023) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000418 · Cited by 64
Teachers' intrinsic vs. extrinsic instructional goals predict their classroom motivating styles
Jang, H.-R. (2017) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.11.001 · Cited by 59
Auyeung, L., & Mo, P. K. H. (2018) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-018-0054-4 · Cited by 51
“Furthermore, a longitudinal study has demonstrated that need satisfactions can be promoted through the pursuit of suitable-goal and goal attainment, and in turn result in an increase in well-being (Niemiec et al. 2009).”
BackgroundIt’s All About the Money (For Some): Consequences of Financially Contingent Self-Worth
Park, L. E., Ward, D. E., & Naragon‐Gainey, K. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216689080 · Cited by 50
“Whereas past research focused on the downsides of possessing materialistic values and financial aspirations (Dittmar et al., 2014; Kasser and Ryan, 1993, 1996; Niemiec et al., 2009), the present research is the first to empirically test the idea that basing self-worth on financial success is what leads some individual…”
BackgroundHolding, A. C., St-Jacques, A., Verner-Filion, J., Kachanoff, F., & Koestner, R. (2020) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-019-09777-7 · Cited by 48
Metadata
- Authors
- Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester (US)
- Corresponding author
- Niemiec, Christopher P.
- Venue
- Journal of Research in Personality
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 291-306
- ISSN
- 0092-6566 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2736104
- OpenAlex
- W2102234947
- Cited by
- 509
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 21.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Research in Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH053385)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Behavior and Motivation
- Keywords
- intrinsic aspirations, goal achievement, life goals, self-determination theory, mental health, ill-being, basic psychological needs, autonomy, competence, relatedness, coming of age
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-29, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
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Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
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