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Time frames and the distinction between affective and cognitive well-being
Open accessAbstract
We examined whether the empirical differences between affective well-being (AWB) and cognitive well-being (CWB) might be due to (a) the use of different time frames in measures of AWB and CWB or (b) structural differences. In Study 1, a multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) analysis indicated that levels of different components are more similar but do not converge completely when the same time frame is used. In Study 2, we found that people are more likely to consider global life circumstances (as opposed to specific events and activities) when they evaluate their CWB, regardless of the specific time frame. In both studies, the time frame did not moderate the associations between AWB and CWB and important correlates (personality, life circumstances).
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Citations
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Method
Cited by
Sorted by citations
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Self-citationDevelopment and Validation of the Brief Adolescents’ Subjective Well-Being in School Scale (BASWBSS)
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Global evidence of expressed sentiment alterations during the COVID-19 pandemic
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“[15], more research on the effects of specific as well as less conventional life events on both positive and negative psychological states of mental health is highly warranted.”
BackgroundTime Perspectives Predict Mood States and Satisfaction with Life over and above Personality
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“Second, the research reiterates the value of using multiple criteria for SWB, consistent with the psychometric discriminability and differential correlates of its cognitive and affective components (Jovanović 2015; Luhmann et al. 2012).”
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Self-citationPsychological well-being in Europe after the outbreak of war in Ukraine
Scharbert, J., Humberg, S., Kroencke, L., Reiter, T., Sakel, S., ter Horst, J., Utesch, K., Gosling, S. D., Harari, G. M., Matz, S., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-44693-6 · Cited by 68
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The effects of time frames on self-report
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Parental Stress and Well-Being: A Meta-analysis
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“…as marital satisfaction, parental well-being, job satisfaction), and positive functioning (i.e., vitality, engagement, positive relationships, personal growth) (Diener, 1984; Diener et al., 2017; Huppert, 2009; Luhmann et al., 2012; Marsh et al., 2020; Ryff, 1989; Watcharakitippong et al., 2017).”
Preliminary Development of the Elementary School Students’ Subjective Well-Being in School Scale
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“…essentially matching the properties of each control strategy to the different facets of SWB. Researchers have characterized the distinction between affective experience and life satisfaction as reflecting, respectively, recent events/activities and global life circumstances (Luhmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundLife events and life satisfaction: Estimating effects of multiple life events in combined models
Krämer, M. D., Rohrer, J. M., Lucas, R. E., & Richter, D. (2024) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070241231017 · Cited by 48
“…of subjective well-being that some studies have shown to be more strongly affected than measures of affective well-being (Diener et al., 1999; Luhmann et al., 2012a; Luhmann et al., 2012b; Schimmack, 2008; cf. Asselmann & Specht, 2022, 2023 who have shown stronger effects for some facets of…”
InfluentialThe association between life satisfaction and affective well-being
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BackgroundSelf-citationHope Mediates the Relation between Income and Subjective Well-Being
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How does the context of physical activity influence perceived mood and wellbeing after exercise?
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Workplace Favoritism and Workforce Sustainability: An Analysis of Employees’ Well-Being
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Validación de la Escala Satisfacción con la Vida en trabajadores peruanos
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Subjective well-being as a dynamic construct
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Self-citationThinking About One’s Subjective Well-Being: Average Trends and Individual Differences
Luhmann, M., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2013) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-013-9448-5 · Cited by 31
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“Further complicating the situation, the COVID-19 pandemic has unprecedented effects on teacher education and teachers ’ well-being and self-ef fi cacy.”
BackgroundInfluentialSubjective Well-Being in Context
Luhmann, M., Murdoch, J. C., & Hawkley, L. C. (2014) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550614548075 · Cited by 23
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“Affective well-being is comprised of the strength and regularity of good and bad feelings and state of mind (Luhmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundWell-Being Science for Teaching and the General Public
Tov, W., Wirtz, D., Kushlev, K., Biswas‐Diener, R., & Diener, E. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211046946 · Cited by 24
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“Various factors influence people’s evaluation of their lives: their subjective well-being, life satisfaction, life fulfilment, etc. Religion and spiritual values also motivate both individuals and communities (Krause 2011; Luhmann et al. 2012; VanderWeele 2017).”
Tordera, N., García, D. M., & Martinolli, G. (2020) · Revista Psicologia Organizações e Trabalho · doi:10.17652/rpot/2020.4.13 · Cited by 16
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Chiu, Y., Wang, Z., & Ye, X. (2022) · Review of Economics of the Household · doi:10.1007/s11150-022-09631-9 · Cited by 16
“Some studies suggest that SWB comprises affective and cognitive components (Luhmann et al., 2012; Tsurumi et al., 2021).”
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Cognitive control moderates the health benefits of trait self-regulation in young adults
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“Several previous studies have suggested that affect and life satisfaction report are consistently found to be empirically distinct (Lucas et al., 1996; Luhmann et al., 2012).”
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The hierarchical framework of wellbeing (HiFWB)
Disabato, D. J., Goodman, F. R., & Kashdan, T. B. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1515423 · Cited by 14
“Research suggests the difference between affect and appraisal in SWB may be in the sources of information used by raters; an individual uses specific events and activities to assess affect, while personal narratives are primarily used for assessing cognitive appraisals (Luhmann et al., 2012).”
der Vyver, C. P. V. (2020) · Perspectives in Education · doi:10.18820/2519593x/pie.v38.i2.06 · Cited by 13
Enfermedad crónica: satisfacción vital y estilos de personalidad adaptativos
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Self-citationAdolescents’ subjective well-being: The role of adolescents’ and mothers’ time perspectives
Măirean, C., & Diaconu‐Gherasim, L. R. (2018) · Time & Society · doi:10.1177/0961463x17752282 · Cited by 12
The Role of Social Capital and Remote Chinese Villagers’ Well-Being
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Income Trajectories and Subjective Well-Being: Linking Administrative Records and Survey Data
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“Of particular importance in this context, the time frame used to assess life satisfaction and emotional well-being usually differs: the occurrence of positive and negative emotions is evaluated over a specific period of time, whereas life satisfaction is rated without providing a specific time frame [8].”
BackgroundZheng, X., Chen, J., & Li, Y. (2021) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-021-01104-y · Cited by 12
Routineness of Social Interactions Is Associated With Higher Affective Well-Being in Older Adults
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“This seems to be reasonable, as affective well-being could be more reactive toward specific events and activities than cognitive well-being, which is evaluated referencing to global life circumstances (Luhmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundChan, S. S. M., Wong, O. W. H., Hussain, S., Tsoi, K. K. F., Ma, K. K. Y., Chau, S. W. H., Ma, S. L., Lai, K. Y. C., Chu, C. W., Lo, H., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2025.101533 · Cited by 12
Zhang, Q., Yang, J., Niu, T., Wen, K.-H., Hong, X., Wu, Y., & Wang, M. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17160-y · Cited by 12
“Users’ emotional health affects the formulation and implementation of government policies [8, 9], and during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is even more important to pay attention to changes and developments in emotions.”
BackgroundKelley, T. M., Hollows, J., Pransky, J. B., Kryvanos, A., & Bowen, S. W. (2021) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012211022783 · Cited by 9
“Affective well-being has been defined as the frequency and intensity of positive and negative emotions and moods (Luhmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundGenes, Environments and Core Features of Eudaimonic Wellbeing
Røysamb, E., & Nes, R. B. (2016) · International handbooks of quality-of-life · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_16 · Cited by 15
Orthostatic cardiovascular profile of subjective well-being
Davydov, D. M., & Czabak-Garbacz, R. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.11.014 · Cited by 9
Guimond, A., Kubzansky, L. D., Boehm, J. K., Mika Kivimaki, B., & Trudel‐Fitzgerald, C. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110414 · Cited by 9
Luo, T., Law, Y. W., & Lai, C. C. S. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03376-5 · Cited by 8
“Attitudes toward events or behaviors directly influence the process of cognitive appraisals which shapes individuals’ perception of whether their lives are going well (Busseri & Sadava, 2011; Luhmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundJayawickreme, E., Tsukayama, E., Blackie, L. E. R., & Weiss, B. (2020) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2020.1818811 · Cited by 8
“© 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group being are influenced by appraisals of global life circumstances (Luhmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundA Guide to Causal Inference in Life-Event Studies
Lawes, M., West, S. G., & Eid, M. (2025) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/25152459241302015 · Cited by 10
“Key Factors to Consider When Using Self-Report Measures in Life-Event Studies Time frames: Self-report measures can vary in the time frames to which they refer (e.g., Luhmann, Hawkley, et al., 2012; Scharbert et al., 2024).”
Self-citationHoy, A. V., Rzeszutek, M., Pięta, M., Navas, J. M. M., Rodríguez-Mora, Á., Midgley, N., Omylinska‐Thurston, J., Dopierala, A., Falkenström, F., Ferlin, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.065 · Cited by 10
“Several authors have found that these two elements are associated, but separable constructs, especially regarding their temporal stability, various predictors, and different backgrounds (Eid and Diener, 2004; Kaczmarek et al., 2015; Luhmann et al., 2012a).”
BackgroundLife events and life satisfaction: Estimating effects of multiple life events in combined modelsPreprint
Krämer, M. D., Rohrer, J. M., Lucas, R. E., & Richter, D. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/wfg8h · Cited by 7
The Well-Being of Parents in the Year After Childbirth
Brajša-žganec, A., Džida, M., Brkljačić, T., Kaliterna-Lipovčan, L., & Lučić, L. (2022) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x221096799 · Cited by 5
“Childbirth initially decreased AWB, but with time parents reported an increase in positive affect (Luhmann et al., 2012b).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialŻemojtel-Piotrowska, M. A., Piotrowski, J. P., Pers, P., Tomiałowicz, E., & Clinton, A. B. (2019) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.24425/119513 · Cited by 6
What You See is What You Get: The Effect of Perceived Inequality on Subjective Well-Being
John, M., Bless, H., & Wänke, M. (2025) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-025-00905-4 · Cited by 6
“As mentioned in our preregistration emotions are more likely to reflect contextual influences than general well-being (Luhmann et al., 2012) and are therefore more likely to capture situational and experimentally induced contexts.”
InfluentialPredictors of generativity and satisfaction with life in a sample of women offenders
Kashy, D. A., & Morash, M. (2021) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2021.1929981 · Cited by 5
“Research has provided considerable evidence that both poverty and unemployment are negatively related to life satisfaction (Diener et al., 2017; Kahneman & Deaton, 2010; Lucas et al., 2004; Luhmann et al., 2012; Luhmann et al., 2012; Schimmack et al., 2008).”
BackgroundOmoregie, J., & Carson, J. F. (2022) · Mental Health and Social Inclusion · doi:10.1108/mhsi-06-2022-0040 · Cited by 5
Jo, D., & Koh, C.-D. (2021) · BMJ Military Health · doi:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001702 · Cited by 5
Kwon, Y., Choi, E., Choi, J., & Choi, I. (2018) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-018-0040-x · Cited by 5
Chen, Y., Hu, F., Xiao, Q., & Liu, Z. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-95435-7 · Cited by 6
Cha, S. E., Ku, X., Lee, S., & Choi, I. (2024) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-024-10058-1 · Cited by 4
“A substantial body of prior research has explored how major events, particularly negative ones, influence changes in well-being within individuals (Anusic et al., 2014b; Diener et al., 2006; Lucas, 2007; Luhmann et al., 2012b).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Luhmann, M., Hawkley, L. C., Eid, M., & Cacioppo, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Luhmann, Maike
- Venue
- Journal of Research in Personality
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 431-441
- ISSN
- 0092-6566 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3571101
- OpenAlex
- W2007787963
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Research in Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 RG999999)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG034052)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- emotional well-being, cognitive well-being, time frames, living conditions, personality, measurement convergence, subjective well-being
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