Acute carbohydrate ingestion does not influence the post-exercise iron-regulatory response in elite Keto-adapted race Walkers
Abstract
Objectives Adhering to a low carbohydrate (CHO) high fat (LCHF) diet can alter markers of iron metabolism in endurance athletes. This investigation examined the re-introduction of CHO prior to, and during exercise on the iron-regulatory response to exercise in a homogenous (in regard to serum ferritin concentration) group of athletes adapted to a LCHF diet. Design Parallel groups design. Methods Three weeks prior to the exercise trials, twenty-three elite race walkers adhered to either a CHO-rich (n=14) or LCHF diet (n=9). A standardised 19-25km race walk was performed while athletes were still adhering to their allocated dietary intervention (Adapt). A second test was performed three days later, where all athletes were placed on a high CHO diet (CHO Restoration). Venous blood samples were collected pre-, post- and 3h post-exercise and measured for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and hepcidin-25. Results The post-exercise IL-6 increase was greater in LCHF (p Conclusions The elevated IL-6 response in athletes adapted to a LCHF diet was not attenuated by an acute increase in exogenous CHO availability. Despite diet-induced differences in IL-6 response to exercise, post-exercise hepcidin levels were similar between diets and trials, indicating CHO availability has minimal influence on post-exercise iron metabolism.
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Approximately 3.5 weeks of LCHF diet in elite endurance athletes resulted in impaired markers of bone remodelling and elevated postexercise IL-6 compared with an isocaloric high CHO treatment.
“Additionally, ~3.5 weeks of LCHF diet in elite endurance athletes resulted in impaired markers of bone remodelling both at rest as well as around exercise (up to 3 hours postexercise), 56 and elevated postexercise IL-6 concentrations compared with an isocaloric high CHO treatment.57”
From 2023 international olympic committee's (IOC) consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) (2023) · cites this paper as [57]
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Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism and mediator of anemia of inflammation
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Self-citationMetabolic characteristics of keto-adapted ultra-endurance runners
Volek, J. S., Freidenreich, D. J., Saenz, C., Kunces, L. J., Creighton, B. C., Bartley, J. M., Davitt, P. M., Munoz, C. X., Anderson, J. M., Maresh, C. M., et al. (2016) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.028 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
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Effect of carbohydrate feeding on the bone metabolic response to running
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Mountjoy, M., Ackerman, K. E., Bailey, D. M., Burke, L. M., Constantini, N., Hackney, A. C., Heikura, I. A., Melin, A., Pensgaard, A. M., Stellingwerff, T., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Self-citationIron considerations for the athlete: a narrative review
Sim, M., Garvican-Lewis, L. A., Cox, G. R., Govus, A., McKay, A. K. A., Stellingwerff, T., & Peeling, P. (2019) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Self-citationIron Metabolism: Interactions with Energy and Carbohydrate Availability
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- Authors
- McKay, A. K. A., Peeling, P., Pyne, D. B., Welvaert, M., Tee, N., Leckey, J. J., Sharma, A. P., Ross, M. L. R., Garvican-Lewis, L. A., van Swelm, R. P. L., Laarakkers, C. M., & Burke, L. M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- University of Canberra (AU)
- Australian Catholic University (AU)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Corresponding author
- McKay, Alannah K.A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-06
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 635-640
- ISSN
- 1440-2440 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2907808347
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 3.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of science and medicine in sport (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Catholic University (201300800)
- Australian Institute of Sport
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- low-carbohydrate high-fat diet, iron metabolism, hepcidin, interleukin-6, race walking, endurance athletes, dietary carbohydrates, serum ferritin
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Dietary Carbohydrates, Female, Humans, Iron, Male, Interleukin-6, Walking, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted, Young Adult, Athletes, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Hepcidins
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