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Cited by 190Muscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and TrainingDiet and metabolism studies

Effect of fat adaptation and carbohydrate restoration on metabolism and performance during prolonged cycling

Burke, Louise M., Angus, Damien J., Cox, Gregory R., Cummings, Nicola K., Febbraio, Mark A., Gawthorn, Kathryn, Hawley, John A., Minehan, Michelle +2 more·2000·Journal of Applied Physiology
DOI 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.6.2413
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Abstract

For 5 days, eight well-trained cyclists consumed a random order of a high-carbohydrate (CHO) diet (9.6 g · kg−1 · day−1 CHO, 0.7 g · kg−1 · day−1 fat; HCHO) or an isoenergetic high-fat diet (2.4 g · kg−1 · day−1 CHO, 4 g · kg−1 · day−1 fat; Fat-adapt) while undertaking supervised training. On day 6,subjects ingested high CHO and rested before performance testing on day 7 [2 h cycling at 70% maximal O 2 consumption (SS) + 7 kJ/kg time trial (TT)]. With Fat-adapt, 5 days of high-fat diet reduced respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during cycling at 70% maximal O 2 consumption; this was partially restored by 1 day of high CHO [0.90 ± 0.01 vs. 0.82 ± 0.01 ( P < 0.05) vs. 0.87 ± 0.01 ( P < 0.05), for day 1, day 6, and day 7, respectively]. Corresponding RER values on HCHO trial were [0.91 ± 0.01 vs. 0.88 ± 0.01 ( P < 0.05) vs. 0.93 ± 0.01 ( P < 0.05)]. During SS, estimated fat oxidation increased [94 ± 6 vs. 61 ± 5 g ( P < 0.05)], whereas CHO oxidation decreased [271 ± 16 vs. 342 ± 14 g ( P < 0.05)] for Fat-adapt compared with HCHO. Tracer-derived estimates of plasma glucose uptake revealed no differences between treatments, suggesting muscle glycogen sparing accounted for reduced CHO oxidation. Direct assessment of muscle glycogen utilization showed a similar order of sparing (260 ± 26 vs. 360 ± 43 mmol/kg dry wt; P = 0.06). TT performance was 30.73 ± 1.12 vs. 34.17 ± 2.48 min for Fat-adapt and HCHO ( P = 0.21). These data show significant metabolic adaptations with a brief period of high-fat intake, which persist even after restoration of CHO availability. However, there was no evidence of a clear benefit of fat adaptation to cycling performance.

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  • Five days on a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet already showed some adaptations to that diet that could not be reversed completely by refilling muscle glycogen stores.

    “Burke and colleagues [49–52] performed a series of short-term, low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet studies and one of their observations was that 5 days on a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet already showed some adaptations to that diet that could not be reversed completely by refilling muscle glycogen stores.”

    From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [50]

  • In none of the Burke et al. studies were any improved performance effects observed.

    “In none of the studies, however, were any improved performance effects observed [50–52].”

    From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [50]

  • The protocol exceeded the period shown by several different laboratories to achieve robust cellular retooling to maximise rates of muscle fat oxidation, as well as achieve training-associated performance changes.

    “However, as detailed in Table 1, our protocol exceeded the period shown by several different laboratories [12–15] to achieve robust cellular retooling to maximise rates of muscle fat oxidation, as well as achieve training-associated performance changes [30].”

    From Crisis of confidence averted: impairment of exercise economy and performance in elite race walkers by ketogenic low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diet is reproducible (2020) · cites this paper as [13]

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Authors
Burke, L. M., Angus, D. J., Cox, G. R., Cummings, N. K., Febbraio, M. A., Gawthorn, K., Hawley, J. A., Minehan, M., Martin, D. T., & Hargreaves, M.
Affiliations
  • Sports Science and Sports Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen 2616;
  • The University of Melbourne (AU)
  • RMIT Europe (ES)
  • Deakin University (AU)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher
American Physiological Society
Published
2000-12-01
Volume
89
Issue
6
Pages
2413-2421
ISSN
  • 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
  • 8750-7587
  • 1522-1601
DOI
10.1152/jappl.2000.89.6.2413
OpenAlex
W2148473068
Cited by
190
References
28
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 6
FWCI
1.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
Keywords
high-fat diet, high-carbohydrate diet, prolonged cycling, time trial performance, respiratory exchange ratio, fat oxidation, carbohydrate oxidation, substrate utilization, trained cyclists, dietary fat intake, carbohydrate intake, muscle glycogen utilization, energy intake
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Bicycling, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Glycogen, Humans, Male, Metabolism, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxygen Consumption, Pulmonary Gas Exchange, Random Allocation, Time Factors, Muscle, Skeletal

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