Iron considerations for the athlete: a narrative review
Open accessAbstract
Iron plays a significant role in the body, and is specifically important to athletes, since it is a dominant feature in processes such as oxygen transport and energy metabolism. Despite its importance, athlete populations, especially females and endurance athletes, are commonly diagnosed with iron deficiency, suggesting an association between sport performance and iron regulation. Although iron deficiency is most common in female athletes (~ 15-35% athlete cohorts deficient), approximately 5-11% of male athlete cohorts also present with this issue. Furthermore, interest has grown in the mechanisms that influence iron absorption in athletes over the last decade, with the link between iron regulation and exercise becoming a research focus. Specifically, exercise-induced increases in the master iron regulatory hormone, hepcidin, has been highlighted as a contributing factor towards altered iron metabolism in athletes. To date, a plethora of research has been conducted, including investigation into the impact that sex hormones, diet (e.g. macronutrient manipulation), training and environmental stress (e.g. hypoxia due to altitude training) have on an athlete's iron status, with numerous recommendations proposed for consideration. This review summarises the current state of research with respect to the aforementioned factors, drawing conclusions and recommendations for future work.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Both oral iron supplementation and intravenous iron injections have reliably been reported to improve iron status and endurance performance in iron-deficient anemic athletes.
“In contrast, both oral iron supplementation and intravenous iron injections have reliably been reported to improve iron status and endurance performance in iron-deficient anemic athletes [255,257]”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [257]
Parenteral iron administration is an effective strategy to rapidly restore iron status in athletes who require it.
“For athletes deemed to require intravenous or intramuscular parenteral iron administration, this should be applied only under medical guidance (given risk for infection and/or toxic level doses [264]) as an effective strategy to rapidly restore iron status [257,265].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [257]
Iron supplementation in athletes without any form of iron deficiency does not improve indices of endurance performance.
“Interestingly, iron supplementation in athletes without any form of iron deficiency does not improve indices of endurance performance [257].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [257]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Sontrop, J. M., Dixon, S. N., Garg, A. X., Jiménez, I. B., Dohein, O., Huang, S. S., & Clark, W. F. (2013) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000350377 · Cited by 5,903 · see citing works
The United States Department of Agriculture
True, A. C. (1912) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/000271621204000113 · Cited by 5,152 · see citing works
Trumbo (2001) · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00078-5 · Cited by 4,852 · see citing works
Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Carter, S., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., Meyer, N., Sherman, R., Steffen, K., Budgett, R., et al. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502 · Cited by 1,469 · see citing works
Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006 · Cited by 1,359 · see citing works
Haas, J. D., & Brownlie, T. (2001) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/131.2.676s · Cited by 1,186 · see citing works
Prevalence of Iron Deficiency in the United States
Looker, A. C. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540360041028 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works
Iron Biology in Immune Function, Muscle Metabolism and Neuronal Functioning
Beard, J. L. (2001) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/131.2.568s · Cited by 1,136 · see citing works
Identification of erythroferrone as an erythroid regulator of iron metabolism
Kautz, L., Jung, G., Valore, E. V., Rivella, S., Nemeth, E., & Ganz, T. (2014) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2996 · Cited by 1,127 · see citing works
Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men
Bhasin, S., Woodhouse, L., Casaburi, R., Singh, A. B., Bhasin, D., Berman, N., Chen, X., Yarasheski, K. E., Magliano, L., Dzekov, C., et al. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.6.e1172 · Cited by 967 · see citing works
Tolkien, Z., Stecher, L., Mander, A. P., Pereira, D. I. A., & Powell, J. J. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117383 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Energy availability in athletes
Loucks, A. B., Kiens, B., & Wright, H. H. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.588958 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Characterization of inflammatory responses to eccentric exercise in humans
Peake, J. M., Nosaka, K., & Suzuki, K. (2026) · PubMed · doi:10.22029/eir.2005.1616 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Ackerman, K. E., Blauwet, C., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., Lundy, B., Melin, A., Meyer, N., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0136 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
The effects of intense exercise on the female reproductive system
Warren, M., & Perlroth, N. (2001) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1700003 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Stoffel, N. U., Cercamondi, C. I., Brittenham, G., Zeder, C., Geurts-Moespot, A. J., Swinkels, D. W., Moretti, D., & Zimmermann, M. B. (2017) · The Lancet Haematology · doi:10.1016/s2352-3026(17)30182-5 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Bachman, E., Travison, T. G., Basaria, S., Davda, M. N., Guo, W., Li, M., Connor Westfall, J., Bae, H., Gordeuk, V., & Bhasin, S. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glt154 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
The optimised CO-rebreathing method: a new tool to determine total haemoglobin mass routinely
Schmidt, W., & Prommer, N. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-005-0050-3 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Beard, J., & Tobin, B. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.2.594s · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Taylor, N. A. S. (2014) · Comprehensive Physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c130022 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Heikura, I. A., Uusitalo, A. L. T., Stellingwerff, T., Bergland, D., Mero, A. A., & Burke, L. M. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0313 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Self-citationHypersensitivity reactions to intravenous iron: guidance for risk minimization and management
Rampton, D. S., Folkersen, J., Fishbane, S. N., Hedenus, M., Howaldt, S. M., Locatelli, F., Patni, S., Szebeni, J., & Weiss, G. (2014) · Haematologica · doi:10.3324/haematol.2014.111492 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Estrogen Increases Mitochondrial Efficiency and Reduces Oxidative Stress in Cerebral Blood Vessels
Stirone, C., Duckles, S. P., Krause, D. N., & Procaccio, V. (2005) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.105.014662 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
De Souza, M. J., Miller, B. E., Loucks, A. B., Luciano, A. A., Pescatello, L. S., Campbell, C. G., & Lasley, B. L. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.12.5334 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Human Hydration Indices: Acute and Longitudinal Reference Values
Armstrong, L. E., Pumerantz, A. C., Fiala, K. A., Roti, M. W., Kavouras, S. A., Casa, D. J., & Maresh, C. M. (2010) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.20.2.145 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Hepatic HIF-2 regulates erythropoietic responses to hypoxia in renal anemia
Kapitsinou, P. P., Liu, Q., Unger, T. L., Rha, J., Davidoff, O., Keith, B., Epstein, J. A., Moores, S. L., Erickson-Miller, C. L., & Haase, V. H. (2010) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2010-02-270322 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Athletic induced iron deficiency: new insights into the role of inflammation, cytokines and hormones
Peeling, P., Dawson, B., Goodman, C., Landers, G., & Trinder, D. (2008) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0726-6 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnosis and management of iron deficiency anaemia: a clinical update
Pasricha, S., Flecknoe‐Brown, S. C., Allen, K. J., Gibson, P. R., McMahon, L. P., Olynyk, J. K., Roger, S. D., Savoia, H., Tampi, R., Thomson, A. R., et al. (2010) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb04038.x · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Low Testosterone Levels and the Risk of Anemia in Older Men and Women
Ferrucci, L., Maggio, M. G., Bandinelli, S., Basaria, S. S., Lauretani, F., Blè, A., Valenti, G., Ershler, W. B., Guralnik, J. M., & Longo, D. L. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.13.1380 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Footstrike is the major cause of hemolysis during running
Telford, R. D., Sly, G. J., Hahn, A., Cunningham, R. B., Bryant, C., & Smith, J. A. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00631.2001 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Physical work capacity and metabolic stress in subjects with iron deficiency anemia
Gardner, G., Edgerton, V. R., Senewiratne, B., Barnard, R. J., & Ohira, Y. (1977) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/30.6.910 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Bachman, E., Feng, R., Travison, T., Li, M., Olbina, G., Ostland, V., Ulloor, J., Zhang, A., Basaria, S., Ganz, T., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0864 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Ackerman, K. E., Holtzman, B., Cooper, K. M., Flynn, E. F., Bruinvels, G., Tenforde, A. S., Popp, K. L., Simpkin, A. J., & Parziale, A. L. (2019) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098958 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Impey, S. G., Hearris, M. A., Hammond, K. M., Bartlett, J. D., Louis, J., Close, G. L., & Morton, J. P. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0867-7 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Sims, S. T., & Heather, A. K. (2018) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep086797 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Hou, Y., Zhang, S., Wang, L., Li, J., Qu, G., He, J., Rong, H., Ji, H., & Liu, S. (2012) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.060 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Santiago, P. (2012) · The Scientific World Journal · doi:10.1100/2012/846824 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
17β-Estradiol Inhibits Iron Hormone Hepcidin Through an Estrogen Responsive Element Half-Site
Yang, Q., Jian, J., Katz, S., Abramson, S. B., & Huang, X. (2012) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2011-2045 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Effect of acute and established anemia on O2 transport at rest, submaximal and maximal work
Woodson, R. D., Wills, R. E., & Lenfant, C. J. M. (1978) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1978.44.1.36 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Guo, W., Bachman, E., Li, M., Roy, C. N., Blusztajn, J., Wong, S., Chan, S. Y., Serra, C., Jasuja, R., Travison, T. G., et al. (2013) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12052 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Modern iron replacement therapy: clinical and pathophysiological insights
Girelli, D., Ugolini, S., Busti, F., Marchi, G., & Castagna, A. (2017) · International Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1007/s12185-017-2373-3 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
The Polycythemia of High Altitudes: Iron Metabolism and Related Aspects
REYNAFARJE, C., Lozano, R., & Valdivieso, J. (1959) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v14.4.433.433 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Iron Status and the Acute Post-Exercise Hepcidin Response in Athletes
Peeling, P., Sim, M., Badenhorst, C. E., DAWSON, B. T., Govus, A. D., Abbiss, C. R., Swinkels, D. W., & Trinder, D. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093002 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationIron deficiency in sports-definition, influence on performance and therapy
Clénin, G., Cordes, M., Huber, A., Schumacher, Y. O., Noack, P., Scales, J., & Kriemler, S. (2015) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2015.14196 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
The influence of a low-dose combined oral contraceptive on menstrual blood loss and iron status
Larsson, G., Milsom, L., Lindstedt, G., & Rybo, G. (1992) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(92)90095-b · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Rodríguez, F. A., Ventura, J. L., Casas, M., Casas, H., Pagés, T., Rama, R., Ricart, A., Palacios, L., & Viscor, G. (2000) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050669 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Piperno, A., Galimberti, S., Mariani, R., Pelucchi, S., Ravasi, G., Lombardi, C., Bilo, G., Revera, M., Giuliano, A., Faini, A., et al. (2011) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2010-08-299859 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
CYCLIC PLASMA IL-6 LEVELS DURING NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Angstwurm, M., Gärtner, R., & Ziegler‐Heitbrock, H. W. L. (1997) · Cytokine · doi:10.1006/cyto.1996.0178 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Prevalence of Iron Deficiency with and without Anemia in Recreationally Active Men and Women
Sinclair, L. M., & Hinton, P. S. (2005) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2005.03.005 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Nutritional interventions and the IL‐6 response to exercise
Hennigar, S. R., McClung, J. P., & Pasiakos, S. M. (2017) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201700080r · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Iron Supplementation in Athletes
Nielsen, P., & Nachtigall, D. (1998) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199826040-00001 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Macrophages function as a ferritin iron source for cultured human erythroid precursors
Leimberg, M. J., Prus, E., Konijn, A. M., & Fibach, E. (2007) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.21499 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Iron-regulatory protein hepcidin is increased in female athletes after a marathon
Röcker, L., Meier-Buttermilch, R., Brechtel, L. M., Nemeth, E., & Ganz, T. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-005-0055-y · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Jeukendrup, A., Morton, J. P., Stellingwerff, T., & Maughan, R. J. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0289 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Effect of Altitude on Cycling Performance
Hahn, A. G., & Gore, C. J. (2001) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200131070-00008 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Hemoglobin mass and intravascular volume kinetics during and after exposure to 3,454-m altitude
Siebenmann, C., Cathomen, A., Hug, M., Keiser, S., Lundby, A. K., Hilty, M. P., Goetze, J. P., Rasmussen, P., & Lundby, C. (2015) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01121.2014 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Time for a new metric for hypoxic dose?
Garvican‐Lewis, L. A., Sharpe, K., & Gore, C. J. (2016) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00579.2015 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationHouston, B. L., Hurrie, D., Graham, J., Perija, B., Rimmer, E., Rabbani, R., Bernstein, C. N., Turgeon, A. F., Fergusson, D. A., Houston, D. S., et al. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019240 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Effect of iron injections on aerobic-exercise performance of iron-depleted female athletes
Peeling, P., Blee, T., Goodman, C., Dawson, B., Claydon, G., Beilby, J., & Prins, A. (2007) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.3.221 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Burden, R. J., Morton, K., Richards, T., Whyte, G. P., & Pedlar, C. R. (2015) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093624 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Vegetarian Diets: Nutritional Considerations for Athletes
Venderley, A. M., & Campbell, W. W. (2006) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200636040-00002 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Latour, C., Kautz, L., Besson-Fournier, C., Island, M.-L., Canonne-Hergaux, F., Loréal, O., Ganz, T., Coppin, H., & Roth, M.-P. (2014) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.26648 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Patterson, A. J., Brown, W. J., & Roberts, D. C. K. (2001) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2001.10719054 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Time course of the hemoglobin mass response to natural altitude training in elite endurance cyclists
Garvican, L. A., Martin, D. T., Quod, M. J., Stephens, B., Sassi, A., & Gore, C. J. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01145.x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Progesterone receptor membrane component-1 regulates hepcidin biosynthesis
Li, X., Rhee, D. K., Malhotra, R., Mayeur, C., Hurst, L. A., Ager, E., Shelton, G., Kramer, Y., McCulloh, D., Keefe, D., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci83831 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Iron balance and iron supplementation for the female athlete: A practical approach
Pedlar, C. R., Brugnara, C., Bruinvels, G., & Burden, R. (2018) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2017.1416178 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Soluble transferrin receptors and iron deficiency, a step beyond ferritin. A systematic review.
Koulaouzidis, A., Said, E., Cottier, R., & Saeed, A. A. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The male reproductive system and endurance exercise
Hackney, A. C. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199602000-00005 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Menstrual Bleeding Patterns Among Regularly Menstruating Women
Dasharathy, S. S., Mumford, S. L., Pollack, A. Z., Perkins, N. J., Mattison, D. R., Wactawski‐Wende, J., & Schisterman, E. F. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr356 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Prevalence of Iron Depletion and Anemia in Top-level Basketball Players
Dubnov‐Raz, G., & Constantini, N. (2004) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.14.1.30 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Why should women have lower reference limits for haemoglobin and ferritin concentrations than men?
Rushton, D. H., Dover, R., Sainsbury, A. W., Norris, M. J., Gilkes, J. J. H., & Ramsay, I. D. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7298.1355 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Consensus statement on playing football at different altitude
Bärtsch, P., Saltin, B., & Dvořák, J. (2008) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00837.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Iron status in elite young athletes: gender-dependent influences of diet and exercise
Koehler, K., Braun, H., Achtzehn, S., Hildebrand, U., Predel, H., Mester, J., & Schänzer, W. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2002-4 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Regulation of iron pathways in response to hypoxia
Chepelev, N. L., & Willmore, W. G. (2010) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.023 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Moriyama, Y., & Fisher, J. (1975) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v45.5.665.665 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Ryan, B. J., Wachsmuth, N. B., Schmidt, W., Byrnes, W. C., Julian, C. G., Lovering, A. T., Subudhi, A. W., & Roach, R. C. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108788 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Utility of Hematological and Iron-Related Screening in Elite Athletes
Fallon, K. E. (2004) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/00042752-200405000-00007 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Saunders, A. V., Craig, W. J., Baines, S., & Posen, J. S. (2012) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja11.11494 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
DellaValle, D. M., & Haas, J. D. (2011) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.21.6.501 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Iron supplementation improves energetic efficiency in iron-depleted female rowers
DELLAVALLE, D. M., & HAAS, J. D. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000208 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Adaptation of iron transport and metabolism to acute high-altitude hypoxia in mountaineers
Goetze, O., Schmitt, J., Spliethoff, K., Theurl, I., Weiß, G., Swinkels, D. W., Tjalsma, H., Maggiorini, M., Krayenbühl, P. A., Rau, M., et al. (2013) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.26581 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The Unexplored Crossroads of the Female Athlete Triad and Iron Deficiency: A Narrative Review
Petkus, D. L., Murray-Kolb, L. E., & De Souza, M. J. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0706-2 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Govus, A. D., Garvican-Lewis, L. A., Abbiss, C. R., Peeling, P., & Gore, C. J. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135120 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationIntravenous iron supplementation in distance runners with low or suboptimal ferritin
GARVICAN, L. A., SAUNDERS, P. U., CARDOSO, T., MACDOUGALL, I. C., LOBIGS, L. M., FAZAKERLEY, R., FALLON, K. E., ANDERSON, B., ANSON, J. M., THOMPSON, K. G., et al. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a53594 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The Effects of Acute Exercise Bouts on Hepcidin in Women
Newlin, M. K., Williams, S., McNamara, T., Tjalsma, H., Swinkels, D. W., & Haymes, E. M. (2012) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.2.79 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Hackney, A. C. (2001) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612013398103 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Diurnal Rhythm rather than Dietary Iron Mediates Daily Hepcidin Variations
Schaap, C., Hendriks, J. C., Kortman, G. A. M., Klaver, S. M., Kroot, J. J., Laarakkers, C. M., Wiegerinck, E. T. G., Tjalsma, H., Janssen, M. C. H., & Swinkels, D. W. (2012) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2012.194977 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Does Iron Supplementation Improve Performance in Iron-Deficient Nonanemic Athletes?
Rubeor, A., Goojha, C., Manning, J., & White, J. (2018) · Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/1941738118777488 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Circulating Hepcidin-25 Is Reduced by Endogenous Estrogen in Humans
Lehtihet, M., Bonde, Y., Beckman, L., Berinder, K., Höybye, C., Rudling, M. J., Sloan, J. H., Konrad, R. J., & Angelin, B. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148802 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Ginsburg, G. S., OʼToole, M. L., Rimm, E. B., Douglas, P. S., & Rifai, N. (2001) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0009-8981(00)00427-7 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Effect of Intravenous Iron on Aerobic Capacity and Iron Metabolism in Elite Athletes
Burden, R. J., Pollock, N., Whyte, G. P., Richards, T., MOORE, B., Busbridge, M., Srai, S. K., Otto, J. M., & Pedlar, C. R. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000568 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Theodorou, A. A., Nikolaidis, M. G., Paschalis, V., Σακελλαρίου, Γ., Fatouros, I. G., Koutedakis, Y., & Jamurtas, A. Z. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181c67ecd · Cited by 70 · see citing works
FAILURE OF RED CELL VOLUME TO INCREASE TO ALTITUDE EXPOSURE IN IRON DEFICIENT RUNNERS
Stray‐Gundersen, J., Alexander, C., Hochstein, A., et al. (1992) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199205001-00541 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Iron Deficiency and Anemia: A Common Problem in Female Elite Soccer Players
Landahl, G., Adolfsson, P., Börjesson, M., Mannheimer, C., & Rödjer, S. (2005) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.15.6.689 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Basal testicular testosterone production in endurance-trained men is suppressed
Hackney, A. C., Szczepanowska, E., & Viru, A. (2003) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0794-6 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Iron Deficiency and Anemia among Collegiate Athletes
Parks, R. B., Hetzel, S., & Brooks, M. A. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001259 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Iron stores in users of oral contraceptive agents
Frassinelli-Gunderson, E., Margen, S., & Brown, J. (1985) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/41.4.703 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Robson-Ansley, P. J., Walshe, I. H., & Ward, D. G. (2010) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2010.10.001 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
EVOLUTION OF IV IRON COMPOUNDS OVER THE LAST CENTURY
Macdougall, I. C. (2009) · Journal of Renal Care · doi:10.1111/j.1755-6686.2009.00127.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Sim, M., DAWSON, B. T., Landers, G. J., Wiegerinck, E. T. G., Swinkels, D. W., Townsend, M. A., Trinder, D., & Peeling, P. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2156-0 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationBadenhorst, C. E., Dawson, B., Cox, G. R., Laarakkers, C. M., Swinkels, D. W., & Peeling, P. (2015) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3252-3 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors influencing the post-exercise hepcidin-25 response in elite athletes
Peeling, P., McKay, A. K. A., Pyne, D. B., Guelfi, K. J., McCormick, R., Laarakkers, C. M., Swinkels, D. W., Garvican‐Lewis, L. A., ROSS, M. L. R., Sharma, A. P., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3611-3 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationScreening for haematological and iron-related abnormalities in elite athletes—Analysis of 576 cases
Fallon, K. E. (2007) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2007.02.017 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Chronic Adherence to a Ketogenic Diet Modifies Iron Metabolism in Elite Athletes
MCKAY, A. K. A., PEELING, P., PYNE, D. B., WELVAERT, M., TEE, N., LECKEY, J. J., SHARMA, A. P., ROSS, M. L. R., GARVICAN-LEWIS, L. A., SWINKELS, D. W., et al. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001816 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationExercise-Induced Illness and Inflammation: Can Immunonutrition and Iron Help?
Castell, L. M., Nieman, D. C., Bermon, S., & Peeling, P. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0288 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationIron status and the female athlete
McClung, J. P. (2012) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.03.006 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Malczewska‐Lenczowska, J., Szczepańska, B., Stupnicki, R., & Sendecki, W. (2001) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.11.1.42 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Impact of Morning versus Afternoon Exercise on Iron Absorption in Athletes
McCormick, R., Moretti, D., McKay, A. K. A., Laarakkers, C. M., vanSwelm, R., Trinder, D., Cox, G. R., Zimmermann, M. B., Sim, M., Goodman, C., et al. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002026 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationIntravenous Iron Does Not Augment the Hemoglobin Mass Response to Simulated Hypoxia
Garvican‐Lewis, L. A., Vuong, V. L., Govus, A. D., Peeling, P., JUNG, G., Nemeth, E., Hughes, D. C., Lovell, G., Eichner, D., & Gore, C. J. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001608 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationTsalis, G. A., Nikolaidis, M. G., & Mougios, V. (2004) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2003-45250 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Haemoglobin Mass in an Anaemic Female Endurance Runner Before and After Iron Supplementation
Garvican, L. A., Lobigs, L. M., Telford, R. D., Fallon, K. E., & Gore, C. J. (2011) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.6.1.137 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Woods, A. L., Garvican‐Lewis, L. A., Saunders, P. U., Lovell, G., Hughes, D. C., Fazakerley, R., Anderson, B., Gore, C. J., & Thompson, K. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108042 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationRowland, T. (2012) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827611431541 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A Clinician Guide to Altitude Training for Optimal Endurance Exercise Performance at Sea Level
Constantini, K., Wilhite, D. P., & Chapman, R. F. (2017) · High Altitude Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1089/ham.2017.0020 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Sim, M., DAWSON, B. T., Landers, G. J., Trinder, D., & Peeling, P. (2014) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0067 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationIron Supplementation and Altitude: Decision Making Using a Regression Tree.
Garvican‐Lewis, L. A., Govus, A. D., Peeling, P., Abbiss, C. R., & Gore, C. J. (2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationThe SMAD Pathway Is Required for Hepcidin Response During Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Canali, S., Vecchi, C., Garuti, C., Montosi, G., Babitt, J. L., & Pietrangelo, A. (2016) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2016-1258 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Iron supplementation and running performance in female cross-country runners
Powell, P., & Tucker, A. (1991) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024714 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Oral contraception does not alter typical post-exercise interleukin-6 and hepcidin levels in females
Sim, M., DAWSON, B. T., Landers, G. J., Swinkels, D. W., Tjalsma, H., Yeap, B. B., Trinder, D., & Peeling, P. (2013) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2013.11.008 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationMenstrual blood loss and body iron stores in Brazilian women
Andrade, A., Souza, J. P., Shaw, S., et al. (1991) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(91)90143-4 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Hauser, A., Trösch, S., Steiner, T., Brocherie, F., Girard, O., SAUGY, J. J., Schmitt, L., Millet, G. P., & Wehrlin, J. P. (2017) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep086590 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Dahlquist, D. T., Stellingwerff, T., Dieter, B. P., McKenzie, D. C., & Koehle, M. S. (2017) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0207 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationSingle versus Split Dose of Iron Optimizes Hemoglobin Mass Gains at 2106 m Altitude
Hall, R. C., Peeling, P., Nemeth, E., Bergland, D., McCluskey, W. T. P., & Stellingwerff, T. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001847 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationHemolytic Effects of a Football-Specific Training Session in Elite Female Players
Tan, D., DAWSON, B. T., & Peeling, P. (2012) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.7.3.271 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationVariability of Serum Markers of Erythropoiesis during 6 Days of Racing in Highly Trained Cyclists
Voss, S. C., Alsayrafi, M., Bourdon, P. C., Klodt, F., Nonis, D., Hopkins, W. G., & Schumacher, Y. O. (2013) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0033-1345177 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Iron Supplementation: Oral Tablets versus Intramuscular Injection
DAWSON, B. T., Goodman, C., Blee, T., Claydon, G., Peeling, P., Beilby, J. P., & Prins, A. W. (2006) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.16.2.180 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationMcKay, A. K. A., Peeling, P., Pyne, D. B., Welvaert, M., Tee, N., Leckey, J. J., Sharma, A. P., Ross, M. L. R., Garvican-Lewis, L. A., van Swelm, R. P. L., et al. (2019) · Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2018.12.015 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence and Impact of Anemia on Basic Trainees in the US Air Force
Myhre, K. E., Webber, B. J., Cropper, T. L., Tchandja, J. N., Ahrendt, D. M., Dillon, C. A., Haas, R. W., Guy, S. L., Pawlak, M. T., & Federinko, S. P. (2016) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-016-0047-y · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hepcidin regulation in a mouse model of acute hypoxia
Ravasi, G., Pelucchi, S., Comani, G. B., Greni, F., Mariani, R., Pelloni, I., Bombelli, S., Perego, R., Barisani, D., & Piperno, A. (2018) · European Journal Of Haematology · doi:10.1111/ejh.13062 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Seven days of high carbohydrate ingestion does not attenuate post-exercise IL-6 and hepcidin levels
Badenhorst, C. E., Dawson, B., Cox, G. R., Sim, M., Laarakkers, C. M., Swinkels, D. W., & Peeling, P. (2016) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3426-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation[Pseudo-anemia caused by sports].
Bärtsch, P., Mairbäurl, H., & Friedmann, B. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sim, M., DAWSON, B. T., Landers, G. J., Swinkels, D. W., Wiegerinck, E. T. G., Yeap, B. B., Trinder, D., & Peeling, P. (2017) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000465530 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationBrittenham, G. M. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35762-3.00036-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in European Journal of Applied Physiology. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y
- This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in European Journal of Applied Physiology. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y
- Garvican LA, Saunders PU, Cardoso T, Macdougall IC, Lobigs LM, Fazakerley R, Fallon KE, Anderson B, Anson JM, Thompson KG, Gore CJ (2014) Intravenous iron supplementation in distance runners with low or suboptimal ferritin. Med Sci Sports Exer 46 (2):376-385
- This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in European Journal of Applied Physiology. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y
- This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in European Journal of Applied Physiology. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y
- Jacob A Butler E Blanche M . Menstrual blood loss in iron deficiency anemia. Lancet . 1965; 407:1102-1107.
- This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in European Journal of Applied Physiology. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y
- This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in European Journal of Applied Physiology. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y
- This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in European Journal of Applied Physiology. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y
- Sim M, Dawson B, Peeling P, Trinder D. (2013). Encyclopedia of exercise medicine in health and disease. In F. C. Mooren (1st Ed.), Sports Anemia. Springer, New York, USA.
- This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in European Journal of Applied Physiology. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y
- Venderley AM, Campbell WW (2006) Vegetarian diets. Sports Med 36 (4):293-305
- This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in European Journal of Applied Physiology. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pasricha, S.-R., Tye-Din, J., Muckenthaler, M. U., & Swinkels, D. W. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32594-0 · Cited by 1,069 · see citing works
Collins, J., Maughan, R. J., Gleeson, M., Bilsborough, J., Jeukendrup, A., Morton, J. P., Phillips, S. M., Armstrong, L., Burke, L. M., Close, G. L., et al. (2021) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101961 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Sims, S. T., & Heather, A. K. (2018) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep086797 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Recommendations and Nutritional Considerations for Female Athletes: Health and Performance
Holtzman, B., & Ackerman, K. E. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01508-8 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Iron Metabolism: Interactions with Energy and Carbohydrate Availability
McKay, A. K. A., Pyne, D. B., Burke, L. M., & Peeling, P. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123692 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationKuikman, M. A., Mountjoy, M., & Burr, J. F. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082601 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete
West, S., Monteyne, A. J., van der Heijden, I., Stephens, F. B., & Wall, B. T. (2023) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.012 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Þegar orkuna skortir–áhrif hlutfallslegs orkuskorts í íþróttum (RED-s) á heilsu og árangur
Faculty of Health promotion, S. A. L. S., Varðardóttir, B., Guðmundsdóttir, S. L., Faculty of Health promotion, S. A. L. S., Ólafsdóttir, A. S., & Faculty of Health promotion, S. A. L. S. (2020) · Læknablaðið · doi:10.17992/lbl.2020.09.596 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Alfaro-Magallanes, V., Benito, P., Rael, B., Barba-Moreno, L., Romero-Parra, N., Cupeiro, R., Swinkels, D., Laarakkers, C., Peinado, A., & on behalf of the IronFEMME Study Group (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123866 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ahmad, S., Bader Ul Ain, H., Tufail, T., Nasir, M., Qamar, A., & Mushtaq, Z. (2022) · Pakistan BioMedical Journal · doi:10.54393/pbmj.v5i3.336 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sim, M., Garvican-Lewis, L. A., Cox, G. R., Govus, A., McKay, A. K. A., Stellingwerff, T., & Peeling, P.
- Affiliations
- Edith Cowan University (AU)
- Bond University (AU)
- La Trobe University (AU)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- University of Victoria (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Peeling, Peter
- Venue
- European Journal of Applied Physiology
- Published
- 2019-05-04
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1463-1478
- ISSN
- 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-6319
- 1439-6327
- OpenAlex
- W2944217901
- Cited by
- 274
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 4.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.bond.edu.au
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bond University Research Portal (Bond University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Edith Cowan University Research Online (Edith Cowan University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Erythropoietin and Anemia Treatment
- Keywords
- iron deficiency, athletes, female athletes, endurance athletes, hepcidin, iron absorption, iron metabolism, sex hormones, hypoxia, altitude training, physical activity, iron supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Iron, Male, Sex Factors, Anemia, Iron-Deficiency, Athletic Performance, Athletes, Physical Conditioning, Human
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
