Iron Metabolism: Interactions with Energy and Carbohydrate Availability
Open accessAbstract
The provision or restriction of select nutrients in an athlete’s diet can elicit a variety of changes in fuel utilization, training adaptation, and performance outcomes. Furthermore, nutrient availability can also influence athlete health, with one key system of interest being iron metabolism. The aim of this review was to synthesize the current evidence examining the impact of dietary manipulations on the iron regulatory response to exercise. Specifically, we assessed the impact of both acute and chronic carbohydrate (CHO) restriction on iron metabolism, with relevance to contemporary sports nutrition approaches, including models of periodized CHO availability and ketogenic low CHO high fat diets. Additionally, we reviewed the current evidence linking poor iron status and altered hepcidin activity with low energy availability in athletes. A cohesive understanding of these interactions guides nutritional recommendations for athletes struggling to maintain healthy iron stores, and highlights future directions and knowledge gaps specific to elite athletes.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
During the early follicular phase (days 0-5), lower estrogen and progesterone hormone concentrations and iron regulatory hormonal activity may facilitate increased iron absorption and recycling.
“During the early follicular phase (days 0–5), lower estrogen and progesterone hormone concentrations and iron regulatory hormonal activity may facilitate increased iron absorption and recycling [38].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
Section 5 (page unavailable) says declining estrogen may increase hepcidin, not facilitate iron availability. Section 3 (page unavailable) explains that higher hepcidin reduces both dietary iron absorption and iron recycling. The paper does not address early-follicular days 0–5 or progesterone, but its stated mechanism runs contrary to the claim. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese prevalence rates are linked to sex differences, poor dietary intake, exercise-induced iron losses, and menstrual cycle perturbations of iron regulation.
“These prevalence rates are linked to sex differences [317], poor dietary intake, exercise-induced iron losses, and menstrual cycle perturbations of iron regulation [38,318,319].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
Section 2 (page unavailable) reports higher iron-deficiency rates in female athletes and links low iron stores to menstrual and exercise-associated iron losses. Section 5 (page unavailable) explains how inadequate dietary intake may fail to replace those losses. It only proposes that declining estrogen may indirectly increase hepcidin; it does not establish a link between menstrual-cycle perturbations of iron regulation and the reported prevalence rates. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe increase in inflammatory markers prior to menses can exacerbate hepcidin activity, causing further limiting of iron utilization.
“The increase in inflammatory markers prior to menses [1,38] can exacerbate hepcidin activity, causing further limiting of iron utilization.”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
Section 3, “Hepcidin and Iron Regulation” (page unavailable), says inflammation can raise hepcidin and affect iron balance, with elevated hepcidin likely impairing iron absorption. It does not report an increase in inflammatory markers prior to menses or establish that this mechanism occurs at that time. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is currently no consensus or strong evidence that LCA has a direct negative effect on iron regulation or iron status.
“There is currently no consensus in the literature that illustrates strong evidence to suggest that LCA has a direct negative effect on iron regulation or iron status [55].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
The Conclusions (section 6; page unavailable) say chronic carbohydrate restriction has not shown clear evidence of negative effects on iron status or regulation. But they also say acute low-glycogen training appears to increase post-exercise hepcidin, so the claim is too broad if LCA includes acute low-carbohydrate availability. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNegative performance consequences (decreased endurance performance, decreased training response) are observed in athletes with iron deficiency due to iron's role in oxygen delivery and hemoglobin production.
“Negative performance consequences (e.g., decreased endurance performance, decreased training response) are observed in athletes with iron deficiency due to the important role of iron in oxygen delivery and hemoglobin production [55].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
Section 2, “Why Are Adequate Iron Stores Necessary for Athletes?” (page unavailable), links iron to oxygen transport and says impaired hemoglobin production in iron-deficient people with anemia reduces aerobic performance. It does not establish the separately claimed decrease in athletes’ response to training. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The mechanistic pathways linking iron deficiency and energy deficiency are likely observed under conditions of low carbohydrate availability (LCA) as well.
“These mechanistic pathways are likely observed under conditions of LCA as well [55].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
Section 5 describes mechanisms linking low energy availability (LEA) and poor iron status in both directions. Sections 3 and 4 discuss how low carbohydrate availability may affect hepcidin and iron regulation, but Section 5 says the proposed LEA mechanism may be independent of the pathway responsible for carbohydrate-induced changes. The paper therefore does not establish that the same mechanistic pathways occur under low carbohydrate availability. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCorrecting iron deficiency via supplementation increases VO2max, time trial performance, and exercise efficiency in athletes.
“Once iron deficiency was corrected via supplementation, increases in VO2max, time trial performances, and exercise efficiency were observed in athletes [55].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
Section 2 reports increases in VO2max, time-trial performance, and exercise efficiency after iron stores were restored through supplementation. It frames that statement as applying to iron-compromised individuals with anemia; the citing sentence omits that condition and presents the outcomes as applying to iron-deficient athletes generally. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIron intake is lower in athletes consuming a low CHO diet compared to those consuming CHO-rich diets, increasing the risk of iron deficiency.
“However, iron intake is lower in athletes consuming a low CHO diet, compared to those consuming CHO-rich diets, thus increasing the risk of iron deficiency [55].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
Section 4.4 reports lower iron intake on low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets than on carbohydrate-rich diets in two athlete cohorts. But it does not establish that this increased iron-deficiency risk: ferritin fell less in the low-carbohydrate group in one study and did not change in either group in the other. The Conclusions likewise say chronic carbohydrate restriction has not shown clear evidence of negative effects on iron status. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIron deficiency is a common concern in athletes with LEA and LCA.
“Iron deficiency is a common concern in athletes with LEA and LCA [55,56].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
The Introduction (page not provided) says poor iron status is often associated with low energy availability (LEA), supporting that part of the claim. But the Conclusions (page not provided) say chronic carbohydrate restriction has not shown clear negative effects on iron status, so the paper does not establish that iron deficiency is common in athletes with low carbohydrate availability (LCA). (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIron is a necessary nutrient that plays an important role in athlete-related processes (O2 transport, cellular energy production, immune function, cognitive processing), optimizing endurance performance.
“Iron is a necessary nutrient that plays an important role in several athlete-related processes (e.g., O2 transport, cellular energy production, immune function, and cognitive processing), which optimizes endurance performance [55].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factors for the Treatment of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Locatelli, F., Fishbane, S. N., Block, G. A., & Macdougall, I. C. (2017) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000455166 · Cited by 4,834 · see citing works
Hepcidin Regulates Cellular Iron Efflux by Binding to Ferroportin and Inducing Its Internalization
Nemeth, E., Tuttle, M. S., Powelson, J., Vaughn, M. B., Donovan, A., Ward, D. M., Ganz, T., & Kaplan, J. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1104742 · Cited by 4,803 · see citing works
Nemeth, E., Rivera, S., Gabayan, V., Keller, C., Taudorf, S., Pedersen, B. K., & Ganz, T. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200420945 · Cited by 2,650 · cited 1× · see citing works
“5-fold increase in hepcidin concentrations 2 h post-infusion [41].”
BackgroundPsychological Stress and Susceptibility to the Common Cold
Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. J., & Smith, A. P. (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199108293250903 · Cited by 1,712 · see citing works
(2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318149f111 · Cited by 1,554 · see citing works
Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism and mediator of anemia of inflammation
Ganz, T. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2003-03-0672 · Cited by 1,544 · see citing works
Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Carter, S., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., Meyer, N., Sherman, R., Steffen, K., Budgett, R., et al. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502 · Cited by 1,469 · cited 5× · see citing works
“LEA underpins the clinical sequalae associated with the syndromes known as the Female Athlete Triad [4] and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) [5,6].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006 · Cited by 1,359 · see citing works
Self-citationDysmetabolic Hyperferritinemia: All Iron Overload Is Not Hemochromatosis
Makker, J. S., Hanif, A., Bajantri, B., & Chilimuri, S. S. (2015) · Case Reports in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1159/000373883 · Cited by 1,353 · see citing works
Endurance exercise performance: the physiology of champions
Joyner, M. J., & Coyle, E. F. (2008) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143834 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
Iron Biology in Immune Function, Muscle Metabolism and Neuronal Functioning
Beard, J. L. (2001) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/131.2.568s · Cited by 1,136 · see citing works
Carbohydrates for training and competition
Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Wong, S. H. S., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.585473 · Cited by 985 · see citing works
Self-citationInterleukin-6 induces hepcidin expression through STAT3
Wrighting, D. M., & Andrews, N. C. (2006) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2006-06-027631 · Cited by 983 · see citing works
Hepcidin and iron regulation, 10 years later
Ganz, T. (2011) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2011-01-258467 · Cited by 962 · see citing works
Interleukin-6 in acute exercise and training: what is the biological relevance?
Fischer, C. P. (2026) · PubMed · doi:10.22029/eir.2006.1620 · Cited by 817 · see citing works
American College of Sports Medicine position stand, rhe female athlete triad
Nattiv, A. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Dose-Response Relationships Between Energy Availability and Bone Turnover in Young Exercising Women
Ihle, R., & Loucks, A. B. (2004) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.040410 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Energy availability in athletes
Loucks, A. B., Kiens, B., & Wright, H. H. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.588958 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Time-course analysis of hepcidin, serum iron, and plasma cytokine levels in humans injected with LPS
Kemna, E., Pickkers, P., Nemeth, E., van der Hoeven, H., & Swinkels, D. (2005) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2005-03-1159 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Ackerman, K. E., Blauwet, C., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., Lundy, B., Melin, A., Meyer, N., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0136 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Self-citationSteensberg, A., Febbraio, M. A., Osada, T., Schjerling, P., van Hall, G., Saltin, B., & Pedersen, B. K. (2001) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00633.x · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Phinney, S. D., Bistrian, B. R., Evans, W. J., Gervino, E., & Blackburn, G. L. (1983) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(83)90106-3 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Burke, L. M., Ross, M. L., Garvican‐Lewis, L. A., Welvaert, M., Heikura, I. A., Forbes, S. G., Mirtschin, J. G., Cato, L. E., Strobel, N., Sharma, A. P., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp273230 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Self-citationZimmermann, M. B., & Köhrle, J. (2002) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/105072502761016494 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Energy balance and body composition in sports and exercise
Loucks, A. B. (2004) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/0264041031000140518 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Beard, J., & Tobin, B. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.2.594s · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Metabolic characteristics of keto-adapted ultra-endurance runners
Volek, J. S., Freidenreich, D. J., Saenz, C., Kunces, L. J., Creighton, B. C., Bartley, J. M., Davitt, P. M., Munoz, C. X., Anderson, J. M., Maresh, C. M., et al. (2016) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.028 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
The role of dietary carbohydrates in muscle glycogen resynthesis after strenuous running
Costill, D. L., Sherman, W. M., Fink, W. J., Maresh, C., Witten, M., & Miller, J. M. (1981) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/34.9.1831 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Periodized Nutrition for Athletes
Jeukendrup, A. E. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0694-2 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Athletic induced iron deficiency: new insights into the role of inflammation, cytokines and hormones
Peeling, P., Dawson, B., Goodman, C., Landers, G., & Trinder, D. (2008) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0726-6 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Self-citationLogue, D., Madigan, S. M., Delahunt, E., Heinen, M., Mc Donnell, S.-J., & Corish, C. A. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0790-3 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Iron considerations for the athlete: a narrative review
Sim, M., Garvican-Lewis, L. A., Cox, G. R., Govus, A., McKay, A. K. A., Stellingwerff, T., & Peeling, P. (2019) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Self-citationRethinking fat as a fuel for endurance exercise
Volek, J. S., Noakes, T., & Phinney, S. D. (2015) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2014.959564 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Exercise and cytokines with particular focus on muscle-derived IL-6.
Pedersen, B. K., Steensberg, A., Fischer, C. P., Keller, C., Ostrowski, K., & Schjerling, P. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Stellingwerff, T., & Cox, G. R. (2014) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2014-0027 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Ackerman, K. E., Holtzman, B., Cooper, K. M., Flynn, E. F., Bruinvels, G., Tenforde, A. S., Popp, K. L., Simpkin, A. J., & Parziale, A. L. (2019) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098958 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Postexercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans.
Burke, L. M., van Loon, L. J. C., & Hawley, J. A. (2017) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00860.2016 · Cited by 242 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Of course, post-exercise CHO consumption should still be emphasized for its other contributions to recovery, such as the restoration of muscle glycogen stores, particularly following strenuous exercise [52].”
BackgroundSelf-citationImpey, S. G., Hearris, M. A., Hammond, K. M., Bartlett, J. D., Louis, J., Close, G. L., & Morton, J. P. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0867-7 · Cited by 232 · cited 1× · see citing works
“If manipulation of CHO availability could be integrated into the training cycle, matching availability to the demands and goals of each session, a strategic blend of augmented adaptation workouts and targeted quality sessions could lead to enhanced performance outcomes [8,12].”
BackgroundCarbohydrate availability and exercise training adaptation: Too much of a good thing?
Bartlett, J. D., Hawley, J. A., & Morton, J. P. (2015) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2014.920926 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Endocrine Effects of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport
Elliott-Sale, K. J., Tenforde, A. S., Parziale, A. L., Holtzman, B., & Ackerman, K. E. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0127 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Iron supplementation improves endurance after training in iron-depleted, nonanemic women
Hinton, P. S., Giordano, C., Brownlie, T., & Haas, J. D. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.88.3.1103 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Pedersen, B. K., Steensberg, A., & Schjerling, P. (2001) · Current Opinion in Hematology · doi:10.1097/00062752-200105000-00002 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Hou, Y., Zhang, S., Wang, L., Li, J., Qu, G., He, J., Rong, H., Ji, H., & Liu, S. (2012) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.060 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Wells, K. R., Jeacocke, N. A., Appaneal, R., Smith, H. D., Vlahovich, N., Burke, L. M., & Hughes, D. (2020) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101813 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citation17β-Estradiol Inhibits Iron Hormone Hepcidin Through an Estrogen Responsive Element Half-Site
Yang, Q., Jian, J., Katz, S., Abramson, S. B., & Huang, X. (2012) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2011-2045 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Jeukendrup, A. E. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0690-6 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Parallels with the Female Athlete Triad in Male Athletes
Tenforde, A., Barrack, M., Nattiv, A., & Fredericson, M. (2016) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0411-y · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Carbohydrate Dependence During Prolonged, Intense Endurance Exercise
Hawley, J. A., & Leckey, J. J. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0400-1 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Chronic Iron Deficiency as an Emerging Risk Factor for Osteoporosis: A Hypothesis
Toxqui, L., & Vaquero, M. P. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7042324 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Iron Status and the Acute Post-Exercise Hepcidin Response in Athletes
Peeling, P., Sim, M., Badenhorst, C. E., DAWSON, B. T., Govus, A. D., Abbiss, C. R., Swinkels, D. W., & Trinder, D. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093002 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationIron deficiency in sports-definition, influence on performance and therapy
Clénin, G., Cordes, M., Huber, A., Schumacher, Y. O., Noack, P., Scales, J., & Kriemler, S. (2015) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2015.14196 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Costa, R. J. S., Miall, A., Khoo, A., Rauch, C., Snipe, R., Camões-Costa, V., & Gibson, P. (2017) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0453 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Effects of reduced energy availability on bone metabolism in women and men
Papageorgiou, M., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Parsons, A., Tang, J. C. Y., Greeves, J. P., Fraser, W. D., & Sale, C. (2017) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2017.08.019 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Drew, M. K., Vlahovich, N., Hughes, D. C., Appaneal, R., Burke, L. M., Lundy, B., Rogers, M. A., Toomey, M., Watts, D., Lovell, G. A., et al. (2017) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098208 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationWard, R. J., Crichton, R. R., Taylor, D. L., Corte, L., Srai, S. K., & Dexter, D. T. (2010) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-010-0479-3 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Effects of Exercise on Hepcidin Response and Iron Metabolism during Recovery
Peeling, P., DAWSON, B. T., Goodman, C., Landers, G. J., Wiegerinck, E. T. G., Swinkels, D. W., & Trinder, D. (2009) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.19.6.583 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationNutritional interventions and the IL‐6 response to exercise
Hennigar, S. R., McClung, J. P., & Pasiakos, S. M. (2017) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201700080r · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Iron Supplementation in Athletes
Nielsen, P., & Nachtigall, D. (1998) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199826040-00001 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Nutrition and Athlete Immune Health: New Perspectives on an Old Paradigm
Walsh, N. P. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01160-3 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Ketogenic low-CHO, high-fat diet: The future of elite endurance sport?
Burke, L. M. (2021) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp278928 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationBurke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Jeukendrup, A., Morton, J. P., Stellingwerff, T., & Maughan, R. J. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0289 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationSouza, M. J. D., Koltun, K. J., & Williams, N. I. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01217-3 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Effect of iron injections on aerobic-exercise performance of iron-depleted female athletes
Peeling, P., Blee, T., Goodman, C., Dawson, B., Claydon, G., Beilby, J., & Prins, A. (2007) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.3.221 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Gluconeogenic Signals Regulate Iron Homeostasis via Hepcidin in Mice
Vecchi, C., Montosi, G., Garuti, C., Corradini, E., Sabelli, M., Canali, S., & Pietrangelo, A. (2013) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.12.016 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Hinton, P. S., & Sinclair, L. M. (2006) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602479 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Webster, C. C., Noakes, T. D., Chacko, S. K., Swart, J., Kohn, T. A., & Smith, J. A. H. (2016) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp271934 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Effects of iron repletion on blood volume and performance capacity in young athletes
FRIEDMANN, B., WELLER, E., URL, H. M., & rtsch, P. B. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200105000-00010 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Burke, L. M., Whitfield, J., Heikura, I. A., Ross, M. L. R., Tee, N., Forbes, S. F., Hall, R., McKay, A. K. A., Wallett, A. M., & Sharma, A. P. (2021) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp280221 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationErythroferrone: An Erythroid Regulator of Hepcidin and Iron Metabolism
Coffey, R., & Ganz, T. (2018) · HemaSphere · doi:10.1097/hs9.0000000000000035 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Burke, L. M., Sharma, A. P., Heikura, I. A., Forbes, S. F., Holloway, M., McKay, A. K. A., Bone, J. L., Leckey, J. J., Welvaert, M., & Ross, M. L. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234027 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationIron supplementation improves energetic efficiency in iron-depleted female rowers
DELLAVALLE, D. M., & HAAS, J. D. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000208 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The Unexplored Crossroads of the Female Athlete Triad and Iron Deficiency: A Narrative Review
Petkus, D. L., Murray-Kolb, L. E., & De Souza, M. J. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0706-2 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The Effects of Acute Exercise Bouts on Hepcidin in Women
Newlin, M. K., Williams, S., McNamara, T., Tjalsma, H., Swinkels, D. W., & Haymes, E. M. (2012) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.2.79 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Hinton, P. S., & Sinclair, L. M. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-200505001-02297 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Effect of Intravenous Iron on Aerobic Capacity and Iron Metabolism in Elite Athletes
Burden, R. J., Pollock, N., Whyte, G. P., Richards, T., MOORE, B., Busbridge, M., Srai, S. K., Otto, J. M., & Pedlar, C. R. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000568 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Pasiakos, S. M., Margolis, L. M., Murphy, N. E., McClung, H. L., Martini, S., Gundersen, Y., Castellani, J. W., Karl, J. P., Teien, H. K., Madslien, E. H., et al. (2016) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.12820 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Robson-Ansley, P. J., Walshe, I. H., & Ward, D. G. (2010) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2010.10.001 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Sim, M., DAWSON, B. T., Landers, G. J., Wiegerinck, E. T. G., Swinkels, D. W., Townsend, M. A., Trinder, D., & Peeling, P. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2156-0 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationHepcidin: A Critical Regulator of Iron Metabolism during Hypoxia
Hintze, K. J., & McClung, J. P. (2011) · Advances in Hematology · doi:10.1155/2011/510304 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Badenhorst, C. E., Dawson, B., Cox, G. R., Laarakkers, C. M., Swinkels, D. W., & Peeling, P. (2015) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3252-3 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors influencing the post-exercise hepcidin-25 response in elite athletes
Peeling, P., McKay, A. K. A., Pyne, D. B., Guelfi, K. J., McCormick, R., Laarakkers, C. M., Swinkels, D. W., Garvican‐Lewis, L. A., ROSS, M. L. R., Sharma, A. P., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3611-3 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationChronic Adherence to a Ketogenic Diet Modifies Iron Metabolism in Elite Athletes
MCKAY, A. K. A., PEELING, P., PYNE, D. B., WELVAERT, M., TEE, N., LECKEY, J. J., SHARMA, A. P., ROSS, M. L. R., GARVICAN-LEWIS, L. A., SWINKELS, D. W., et al. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001816 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, T., & Gleeson, M. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-005-0024-5 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Iron status and the female athlete
McClung, J. P. (2012) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.03.006 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Rowland, T. (2012) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827611431541 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-reported periodization of nutrition in elite female and male runners and race walkers
Heikura, I. A., Stellingwerff, T., & Burke, L. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01732 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Acute ketogenic diet and ketone ester supplementation impairs race walk performance
WHITFIELD, J., BURKE, L. M., MCKAY, A. K. A., HEIKURA, I. A., HALL, R., FENSHAM, N., & SHARMA, A. P. (2021) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002517 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationGrowth and Growth hormone - Insulin Like Growth Factor -I (GH-IGF-I) Axis in Chronic Anemias.
Soliman, A. T., Sanctis, V. D., Yassin, M. A., & Adel, A. (2017) · Acta bio-medica dell'Ateneo parmense/Acta biomedica · doi:10.23750/abm.v88i1.5744 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Lu, M., Liu, Y., Shao, M., et al. (2019) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-019-00627-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hennigar, S. R., Berryman, C. E., Harris, M. N., Karl, J. P., Lieberman, H. R., McClung, J. P., Rood, J. C., & Pasiakos, S. M. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz316 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Ishibashi, A., Kojima, C., Tanabe, Y., Iwayama, K., Hiroyama, T., Tsuji, T., Kamei, A., Goto, K., & Takahashi, H. (2020) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14494 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Timing of post-exercise carbohydrate ingestion: influence on IL-6 and hepcidin responses
Badenhorst, C. E., DAWSON, B. T., Cox, G. R., Laarakkers, C. M., Swinkels, D. W., & Peeling, P. (2015) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3202-0 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationDahlquist, D. T., Stellingwerff, T., Dieter, B. P., McKenzie, D. C., & Koehle, M. S. (2017) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0207 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Badenhorst, C. E., Black, K. E., & O’Brien, W. J. (2019) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0006 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
McKay, A. K. A., Peeling, P., Pyne, D. B., Welvaert, M., Tee, N., Leckey, J. J., Sharma, A. P., Ross, M. L. R., Garvican-Lewis, L. A., van Swelm, R. P. L., et al. (2019) · Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2018.12.015 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationShoemaker, M. E., Gillen, Z. M., McKay, B. D., Koehler, K., & Cramer, J. T. (2019) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2019.1621229 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Prevalence and Impact of Anemia on Basic Trainees in the US Air Force
Myhre, K. E., Webber, B. J., Cropper, T. L., Tchandja, J. N., Ahrendt, D. M., Dillon, C. A., Haas, R. W., Guy, S. L., Pawlak, M. T., & Federinko, S. P. (2016) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-016-0047-y · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Seven days of high carbohydrate ingestion does not attenuate post-exercise IL-6 and hepcidin levels
Badenhorst, C. E., Dawson, B., Cox, G. R., Sim, M., Laarakkers, C. M., Swinkels, D. W., & Peeling, P. (2016) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3426-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationMcKay, A. K. A., Heikura, I. A., Burke, L. M., Peeling, P., Pyne, D. B., van Swelm, R. P. L., Laarakkers, C. M., & Cox, G. R. (2019) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0131 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationMcSwiney, F. T., & Doyle, L. (2019) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports7090201 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
McKay, A. K. A., Peeling, P., Pyne, D. B., Tee, N., Welveart, M., Heikura, I. A., Sharma, A. P., Whitfield, J., ROSS, M. L. R., van Swelm, R. P. L., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0224 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mountjoy, M., Ackerman, K. E., Bailey, D. M., Burke, L. M., Constantini, N., Hackney, A. C., Heikura, I. A., Melin, A., Pensgaard, A. M., Stellingwerff, T., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Self-citationInternational society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete
Sims, S. T., Kerksick, C. M., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Janse de Jonge, X. A. K., Hirsch, K. R., Arent, S. M., Hewlings, S. J., Kleiner, S. M., Bustillo, E., Tartar, J. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2204066 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Low Energy Availability and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: What Coaches Should Know
Charlton, B. T., Forsyth, S., & Clarke, D. C. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541211054458 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Lodge, M. T., Ward-Ritacco, C. L., & Melanson, K. J. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15204457 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
- Authors
- McKay, A. K. A., Pyne, D. B., Burke, L. M., & Peeling, P.
- Affiliations
- Australian Catholic University (AU)
- University of Canberra (AU)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Corresponding author
- McKay, Alannah K. A.
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-11-30
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3692
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7761418
- OpenAlex
- W3109462309
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 1.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- iron metabolism, carbohydrate restriction, energy availability, hepcidin, iron status, athletes, ketogenic diet, physical activity, sports nutrition, iron stores
- MeSH terms
- Dietary Carbohydrates, Humans, Iron, Exercise, Iron, Dietary, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted, Athletic Performance, Athletes, Diet, High-Fat, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Hepcidins, Observational Studies as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
