Organization of Dietary Control for Nutrition-Training Intervention Involving Periodized Carbohydrate Availability and Ketogenic Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet
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The authors describe the implementation of a 3-week dietary intervention in elite race walkers at the Australian Institute of Sport, with a focus on the resources and strategies needed to accomplish a complex study of this scale. Interventions involved: traditional guidelines of high carbohydrate (CHO) availability for all training sessions; a periodized CHO diet which integrated sessions with low and high CHO availability within the same total CHO intake; and a ketogenic low-CHO high-fat diet. Seven-day menus and recipes were constructed for a communal eating setting to meet nutritional goals as well as individualized food preferences and special needs. Menus also included nutrition support before, during, and after exercise. Daily monitoring, via observation and food checklists, showed that energy and macronutrient targets were achieved. Diets were matched for energy (∼14.8 MJ/d) and protein (∼2.1 g·kg−1·day−1) and achieved desired differences for fat and CHO, with high CHO availability and periodized CHO availability: CHO = 8.5 g·kg−1·day−1, 60% energy, fat = 20% of energy and low-CHO high-fat diet: 0.5 g·kg−1·day−1 CHO, fat = 78% energy. There were no differences in micronutrient intake or density between the high CHO availability and periodized CHO availability diets; however, the micronutrient density of the low-CHO high-fat diet was significantly lower. Daily food costs per athlete were similar for each diet (∼AU$ 27 ± 10). Successful implementation and monitoring of dietary interventions in sports nutrition research of the scale of the present study require meticulous planning and the expertise of chefs and sports dietitians. Different approaches to sports nutrition support raise practical challenges around cost, micronutrient density, accommodation of special needs, and sustainability.
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Analysis showed that micronutrient content of the diet typically met dietary reference intakes, although it was lower than that of the higher CHO diets due to fundamental restrictions on intake of many nutrient-rich foods.
“including analysis that micronutrient content of diet typically met dietary reference intakes, although it was lower than that of the higher CHO diets due to fundamental restrictions on intake of many nutrient-rich foods [23]”
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- Authors
- Mirtschin, J. G., Forbes, S. F., Cato, L. E., Heikura, I. A., Strobel, N., Hall, R., & Burke, L. M.
- Affiliations
- University College Absalon (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Burke, Louise M.
- Venue
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2018-09-01
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 480-489
- ISSN
- 1526-484X (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2742
- OpenAlex
- W2786247153
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 3.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- dietary intervention, meal planning, micronutrient density, food costs, energy and macronutrient intake, dietary monitoring, special dietary needs
- MeSH terms
- Energy Intake, Dietary Carbohydrates, Humans, Menu Planning, Sports, Exercise, Micronutrients, Diet, Ketogenic, Athletes, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
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