School absenteeism in the first decade of education and outcomes in adolescence
Abstract
This study used a prospective longitudinal sample of American children from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (n = 1326) to consider the educational, social, and behavioral correlates of absenteeism. More specifically, this study examined: (a) the extent to which absenteeism in the early elementary school years is associated with absenteeism in the later school years; (b) the degree to which absenteeism in the first decade of children's education is associated with their academic achievement and social-behavioral outcomes at age 15; (c) whether the timing of absenteeism matters for outcomes at age 15; and (d) whether early absenteeism has indirect effects on outcomes at age 15 via later absenteeism. Results indicated that school absenteeism was fairly stable throughout children's educational careers and although few children were chronically absent, children who had a weaker attendance record in the early years, in turn, had weaker attendance later on. Ultimately, absenteeism during the earliest years of school was linked with less optimal academic and social-behavioral outcomes at age 15 because children were more likely to be absent later on in their educational careers.
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Can Neighbor Attributes Predict School Absences?
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School Absenteeism and Academic Achievement: Does the Reason for Absence Matter?
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“…found that children who are more frequently absent in early kindergarten obtain lower working memory and cognitive flexibility scores in early childhood (Ansari & Gottfried, 2021; Gottfried & Ansari, 2021) and receive lower literacy and grade point average scores at age 15 (Ansari & Pianta, 2019).”
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“At an analytic level, school attendance has been generally linked to student benefits and SAPs/absenteeism have been generally linked to student impairments across critical domains of functioning (e.g., academic, social–emotional, mental health, physical health, family) (Ansari and Pianta, 2019).”
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“For instance, children who were frequently absent during early kinder-garten had lower literacy grades at age 15 (Ansari and Pianta 2019).”
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“…in the study was slightly higher than the total attendance rate from studies across the United States (96.43% for the 3rd and 5th grades combined (Ansari and Pianta, 2019), the southern Nevada region (95.01% for all elementary grades (Coughenour, 2021), the state of Utah (approximately 95.7% for…”
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“This trend is observed both within the same academic year and across multiple grades (Ansari & Pianta, 2019; Gottried, 2017).”
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“Moreover, school absences exacerbate children's problem behaviours (Ansari & Pianta, 2019; Hallfors et al., 2002; Rocque et al., 2017), which, in turn, has detrimental consequences for life course outcomes (Baert & Verhofstadt, 2015; Healey et al., 2004; Le et al., 2005; MacDonald & Pudney, 2001;…”
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“Children who display a higher level of school absenteeism during their first years in school also tend to do it later in life, meaning that the pattern of school attendance problems may be established early (Ansari and Pianta, 2019).”
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“Weaker attendance during elementary school has been linked to less optimal academic and social-behavioral outcomes at age 15 years, and academic achievement gaps may be more pronounced for boys with early attendance problems than girls (Anderson & Romm, 2020; Ansari & Pianta, 2019).”
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“…and mathematics (e.g. Gershenson et al., 2017; Gottfried, 2010; Smerillo et al., 2018), lower coursework grades and grade point average (GPA) (e.g. Ansari & Pianta, 2019; Gottfried, 2010) and perform less well in high-stakes exams at the end of lower and upper secondary schooling (e.g. Klein et…”
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School uniforms and student behavior: is there a link?
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“For some children, difficulties with selfregulation may contribute to absenteeism and school refusal in elementary school, a key issue which has been found to predict educational and socio-emotional outcomes throughout adolescence and early adulthood (Ansari & Pianta, 2019; Smerillo et al., 2018).”
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“Poor school attendance is associated with negative outcomes such as lower academic attainment, impaired social and emotional development, drug use and subsequent school dropout (Townsend et al. 2007; Hancock et al. 2013; Gottfried 2014; Ansari & Pianta 2019).”
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“, 2018; Rhoad-Drogalis and Justice, 2018); and (b) the more often children are absent in the early years, the more likely they were to be absent later on (Connolly and Olson, 2012; Dubay and Hollar, 2016; Gottfried, 2017; Ansari and Pianta, 2019).”
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“School attendance is crucial for children’s educational attainment (e.g., Ansari & Pianta, 2019), particularly for children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds (Ready, 2010).”
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Does the impact of pupil absences on achievement depend on their timing?
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“According to prior research, academic performance is more adversely affected by late middle school absences than earlier ones (Ansari et al., 2020; Ansari & Pianta, 2019).”
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“The school absences associated with EBSA are consistently associated with poorer academic achievement (e.g. [9, 10]), increased likelihood of school dropout [11], compromised social skills and peer relationships [8, 12, 13], increased mental health and behavioural problems and relationship…”
Parent experiences of school distress or school refusal in their autistic child
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“…academic outcomes also suggest the role that more proximal absenteeism plays in children’s performance on point-in-time academic assessments (Ansari & Pianta, 2019; Ehrlich et al., 2018)—that recent absenteeism may be more detrimental for learning than chronic absenteeism further in the…”
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“Absenteeism can also lead to suboptimal social behaviour and cause individuals to feel more alienated from their peers [12,16].”
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“Furthermore, children from low-income households are more often absent from school, widening the gap to their peers regarding health and education [6, 7].”
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School and family partnership can reduce chronic absenteeism
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Beyond The Haze: Air Pollution and Student Absenteeism - Evidence from IndiaPreprint
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“School absenteeism in children can lead to reduced academic achievement and poor socioemotional outcomes [1–3].”
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“Student attendance is associated with better reading ability, improved academic performance, and higher prospects foron-time graduation, college enrollment, and future employment (Ansari & Pianta, 2019; Robinson et al., 2018; Kearney et al., 2013).”
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The longer the daily commute to school, the lower the student attendance: evidence from Brazil
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“In the same way, analyzing a sample of American children tracked from birth through high school, Ansari and Pianta (2019) showed that absenteeism in the early years of schooling can negatively affect academic outcomes.”
InfluentialThe mediating role of school absenteeism in the socioeconomic achievement gap
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“Adolescents with persistently high absenteeism reported a more negative outlook on future work ability and future expectancy, supporting studies on the adverse effects of absenteeism on emotional and behavioral outcomes 3,4 and the impact of pain disability on identity and independence.”
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“…absentee-ism tends to be largely stable across the schooling years, with early absenteeism predicting later absenteeism and poorer achievement (Ansari & Pianta, 2019), and chronic absenteeism in elementary school linked with consequences as far reaching as likelihood of secondary education…”
Investing in education: The impact of scholarships on school attendance in India
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“Students who are chronically absent in elementary school demonstrate lower academic skills and worse social-emotional outcomes in high school than students who are only absent for a few days of the year (Ansari & Pianta, 2019).”
Absenteeism and Achievement in Early Elementary Grades: A Multilevel Organizational Analysis
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“According to Ansari and Pianta (2019) typical students in kindergarten miss about eight days of school per year (i.e., 4.29% of the school year).”
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“Ansari and colleagues have found benefits of good elementary attendance that last into adolescence (Ansari & Pianta, 2019) and even young adult-hood (Ansari et al., 2020).”
InfluentialNovice Teachers and Student Attendance in Early Elementary School
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“Importantly, however, the positive effects of novice teachers were more sizable for those children on the cusp of being chronically absent, which represents a population of students at the center of intervention and prevention efforts (Ansari & Pianta, 2019).”
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“…use of exclusionary discipline, poor school climate, lack of language accessibility, student health, community structure, and family structure (Ansari & Pianta, 2019; Bealing, 1990; Chang & Davis, 2015; Got-tfried, 2013, 2014, 2017; Gottfried & Gee, 2017; Kearney and Benoit 2022; Lehr et al.,…”
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Volunteering, Crime and Secondary School Attendance: Evidence From Queensland
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Disengagement in a connected world: an ecological study of school refusal in the age of social media
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“Beyond academic challenges, prolonged school refusal affects socio-emotional well-being, relational skills, and daily coping capacities (Ansari & Pianta, 2019; West et al., 2018).”
Child protective services contact and students’ school connectedness and absenteeism
Ansari, A., & Sattler, K. M. P. (2026) · Children and youth services review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.109140
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“SAPs have been associated with poorer academic performance, difficulties in social and emotional adjustment, and multiple maladaptive outcomes over time, especially in the absence of timely and effective interventions (Ansari & Pianta, 2019; Gottfried, 2011).”
Fernández‐Sogorb, A., Pérez‐Marco, M., Gonzálvez, C., & Kearney, C. A. (2026) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-026-09972-x
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“These consequences are particularly concerning in the early school years, where absenteeism is associated with poorer academic and social-behav-ioral outcomes and increases the risk of continued non-attendance later in a child’s schooling (Ansari & Pianta, 2019).”
Majiyagbe, O., Salako, A., & Okoromah, C. (2026) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-026-06310-w
“[30].”
Aidonopoulou‐Read, T., Pyer, M., Bodycote, B., Campbell, J. A., & Pyer, K. (2026) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.70222
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“SA tend to increase with age (Gubbels et al., 2019), and previous SA predict later SA (Ansari & Pianta, 2019; Balkıs et al., 2016).”
Ferretti, R. P., Horne, S. V., May, H., Mead, H., Zhang, H., Song, Y., & Sabatini, J. (2026) · Reading & Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-025-10754-5
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Ansari, A., Woods, S., & Gottfried, M. A. (2026) · Educational Policy · doi:10.1177/08959048251401903
“…the foundational role of early education in shaping academic trajectories: Studies in this area typically highlight how missed days during the early grades disrupt the development of basic skills, which serve as building blocks for later learning (Ansari & Pianta, 2019; Ehrlich et al., 2014, 2018).”
Self-citationOutcomes of developmental trajectories of school absences among adolescents
Tunkkari, M., Virtanen, T., Kiuru, N., & Vasalampi, K. (2025) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254251382284
“…trajectory were expected to have low affective engagement and the highest levels of school absences after the transition to upper secondary school (Ansari & Pianta, 2019; Li & Lerner, 2013), which, in turn, would predict low well-being and a lower likelihood of completing upper secondary…”
Influentialvan Keulen, M., & Vanneste, Y. (2024) · JGZ Tijdschrift voor jeugdgezondheidszorg · doi:10.61431/13126t96
Miao, C., Lu, Q., Wang, Y., Bo, Y., & He, J. (2024) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-024-00561-z
“This plan interrupted student learning, and absentee-ism negatively impacted teaching work productivity and pace [7, 8].”
BackgroundRetractedAssociations of state-funded prekindergarten with early elementary literacy and absences
Bratsch-Hines, M. E., Bastian, K. C., Little, M., Cohen-Vogel, L., Burchinal, M., & Peisner-Feinberg, E. (2025) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2025.04.001
- Authors
- Ansari, A., & Pianta, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ansari, Arya
- Venue
- Journal of School Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-10
- Volume
- 76
- Pages
- 48-61
- ISSN
- 0022-4405 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2964598511
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 15.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of School Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Virginia
- U.S. Department of Education (R305B130013)
- Spencer Foundation (201900054)
- Institute of Education Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Youth Substance Use and School Attendance
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Social Sciences › Education › Parental Involvement in Education
- Keywords
- school absenteeism, chronic absenteeism, early elementary education, academic performance, adolescence, indirect effects, early childhood care, NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development
- MeSH terms
- Absenteeism, Academic Success, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Child, Child Behavior, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Prospective Studies, Schools, Social Behavior, Students, United States
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