Flaking Out: Student Absences and Snow Days as Disruptions of Instructional Time
Open accessAbstract
Despite the fact that the average American student is absent more than two weeks out of every school year, most research on the effect of instructional time has focused not on attendance but on the length of the school day or year.Student and school fixed effects models using Massachusetts data show a strong relationship between student absences and achievement but no impact of lost instructional time due to school closures.I confirm those findings in instrumental variables models exploiting the fact that moderate snowfall induces student absences while extreme snowfall induces school closures.Prior work ignoring this non-linearity may have mis-attributed the effect of absences to such snow days.Each absence induced by bad weather reduces math achievement by 0.05 standard deviations, suggesting that attendance can account for up to one-fourth of the achievement gap by income.That absences matter but closures do not is consistent with a model of instruction in which coordination of students is the central challenge, as in Lazear (2001).Teachers appear to deal well with coordinated disruptions of instructional time like snow days but deal poorly with disruptions like absences that affect different students at different times.
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Marcotte and Hemelt (2008) and Goodman (2014) both find that individual absences related to snow days have a more negative impact on achievement in schools with higher poverty rates.
“Similarly, Marcotte and Hemelt (2008) and Goodman (2014) both find that individual absences related to snow days have a more negative impact on achievement in schools with higher poverty rates”
From Educational Inequality* (2022) · cites this paper as Goodman (2014)
Goodman (2014) finds no impact of snow days resulting in school closures in Massachusetts, but documents effects of individual absences.
“Goodman (2014) finds no impact of snow days resulting in school closures in Massachusetts, but does document effects of individual absences.”
From Educational Inequality* (2022) · cites this paper as Goodman (2014)
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Thumvichit, A., Varaporn, S., & Tuvachit, V. (2021) · Journal of language and Education · doi:10.17323/jle.2021.12462 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Student absenteeism and the role of police encounters
Geller, A., & Mark, N. D. E. (2022) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12600 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Do slum upgrading programs impact school attendance?
Zanoni, W., Acevedo, P., & Guerrero, D. A. (2023) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2023.102458 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hayes, M. S., & Gershenson, S. (2016) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2016.01.023 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Andrietti, V. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2774520 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Increased Instruction Hours and the Widening Gap in Student Performance
Huebener, M., Kuger, S., & Marcus, J. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2753493 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Inoue, A., & Tanaka, R. (2024) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2024.102545 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Goodman, J.
- Affiliations
- National Bureau of Economic Research (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goodman, Joshua
- ORCID
- Goodman, Joshua
- Venue
- National Bureau of Economic Research
- Publisher
- National Bureau of Economic Research
- Published
- 2014-06
- OpenAlex
- W1498380278
- Cited by
- 177
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 4 · 2012: 1
- Type
- report
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- National Bureau of Economic Research (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion)
- National Bureau of Economic Research (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Social Sciences › Education › Youth Substance Use and School Attendance
- Social Sciences › Education › Innovations in Educational Methods
- Keywords
- school absenteeism, snow days, school closures, instructional time, mathematics achievement, Massachusetts
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