Evaluating the Relationship Between Student Attendance and Achievement in Urban Elementary and Middle Schools: An Instrumental Variables Approach
Abstract
Researchers, policymakers, practitioners, and parents have assumed a positive relationship between school attendance and academic success. And yet, among the vast body of empirical research examining how input factors relate to academic outcomes, few investigations have honed in on the precision of the relationship between individual attendance and student achievement. The purpose of this article is to provide insight into this relationship. Specifically, this study has evaluated the hypothesis that the number of days a student was present in school positively affected learning outcomes. To assess this, a unique empirical approach was taken in order to evaluate a comprehensive dataset of elementary and middle school students in the Philadelphia School District. Employing a fixed effects framework and instrumental variables strategy, this study provides evidence from a quasi-experimental design geared at estimating the causal impact of attendance on multiple measures of achievement, including GPA and standardized reading and math test performance. The results consistently indicate positive and statistically significant relationships between student attendance and academic achievement for both elementary and middle school students.
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Chronic absenteeism has been linked to lower achievement, course failure, student disengagement, and increased risk of dropping out of high school.
“Chronic absenteeism has been linked to a number of negative outcomes for students, including lower achievement, course failure, and ultimately student disengagement and increased risk of dropping out of high school (Allensworth and Easton 2007;Allensworth et al. 2014; Balfanz and Byrnes 2012; Balfanz, Herzog, and Mac Iver 2007; Gottfried 2010; Mac Iver and Mac Iver 2010; Ready 2010).”
From Danger on the way to school: exposure to violent crime, public transportation, and absenteeism (2019) · cites this paper as Gottfried 2010
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Kirksey, J. J., Sattin-Bajaj, C., Gottfried, M. A., Freeman, J., & Ozuna, C. S. (2020) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858419899074 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Strolin-Goltzman, J., Sisselman, A., Melekis, K., & Auerbach, C. (2014) · Health & Social Work · doi:10.1093/hsw/hlu018 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
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Can center-based childcare reduce the odds of early chronic absenteeism?
Gottfried, M. A. (2015) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.04.002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Building Representative Matched Samples With Multi-Valued Treatments in Large Observational Studies
Bennett, M., Vielma, J. P., & Zubizarreta, J. R. (2020) · Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics · doi:10.1080/10618600.2020.1753532 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Stability of income and school attendance among NYC students of low-income families
Gennetian, L. A., Rodrigues, C., Hill, H. D., & Morris, P. (2018) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2018.01.003 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Supporting less proficient writers through linguistically aware teaching
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Factors Associated with Absenteeism in High Schools
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The Severity of State Truancy Policies and Chronic Absenteeism
Conry, J. M., & Richards, M. P. (2018) · Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) · doi:10.1080/10824669.2018.1439752 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
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Experimental Estimates of the Student Attendance Production Function
Tran, L., & Gershenson, S. (2018) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/0162373720984463 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Peeking Into the Black Box of School Turnaround: A Formal Test of Mediators and Suppressors
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The dynamics of chronic absence and student achievement
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The early academic resilience of children from low-income, immigrant families
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Universal School Meals in the US: What Can We Learn from the Community Eligibility Provision?
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Simon, O., Nylund-Gibson, K. K., Gottfried, M. A., & Mireles‐Rios, R. (2020) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101822 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Gottfried, M. A., & Ansari, A. (2022) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.11.008 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Balfanz, R. W. (2016) · Phi Delta Kappan · doi:10.1177/0031721716671898 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Dräger, J., Klein, M., & Sosu, E. (2024) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.3992 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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How School Travel Affects Children’s Psychological Well-Being and Academic Achievement in China
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Dropout Prevention and Student Engagement
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Nurkhamid, N., Setialana, P., Jati, H., Wardani, R., Indrihapsari, Y., & Norwawi, N. M. (2021) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1737/1/012031 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Greener, S. (2020) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2020.1712105 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ansong, D., Chowa, G. A. N., Masa, R., Despard, M., Sherraden, M. W., Wu, S., & Osei‐Akoto, I. (2018) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-018-9604-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Kirksey, J. J., & Gottfried, M. A. (2021) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/0162373721991572 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Lynch, K., Lee, M. G. L., & Loeb, S. (2023) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2023.04.002 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Another One Rides the Bus: The Impact of School Transportation on Student Outcomes in Michigan
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Exploring school bus ridership and absenteeism in rural communities
Gottfried, M. A., Ozuna, C. S., & Kirksey, J. J. (2021) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.03.009 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Investigating the individual trust and school performance in semi-virtual collaboration groups
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Does Absenteeism Differ for Children with Disabilities in Full-Day versus Part-Day Kindergarten?
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Recognized ASCA Model Program (RAMP) and Student Outcomes in Elementary and Middle Schools
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Examining the impediments to Indigenous strategy and approaches in mainstream secondary schools
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Four Critical Domains of Accountability for School Counselors
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Cloud Based Smart Attendance System for Educational Institutions
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School absences, academic achievement, and adolescents’ post-school destinations
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- Authors
- Gottfried, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gottfried, Michael A.
- Venue
- American Educational Research Journal
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 434-465
- ISSN
- 0002-8312 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-1011
- OpenAlex
- W2113436206
- Cited by
- 342
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 25.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Educational Research Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Youth Substance Use and School Attendance
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Social Sciences › Education › Innovations in Educational Methods
- Keywords
- school attendance, academic performance, urban elementary schools, urban middle schools, grade point average, standardized test performance, reading achievement, mathematics achievement, School District of Philadelphia
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