Excused versus unexcused: How student absences in elementary school affect academic achievement
Abstract
The literature on school absences has focused predominantly on the reasons for student truancy, or it has assessed only aggregate student absences in their effect on achievement. However, this study brings forth a new issue: the relationship between types of absences—excused versus unexcused—and school performance. With a quantitative model of educational achievement on a longitudinal multilevel data set of all second-through fourth-grade students in the Philadelphia School District from 1994 to 2000, this study disaggregated absence information to provide new insight on the attendance–achievement relationship. Specifically, a model using fixed effects with classroom-level clustering was employed to determine how the distinction among varying proportions of excused versus unexcused absences related to students’ standardized test performance in reading and math. This article demonstrates that distinguishing between students with high rates of excused or unexcused absences is significant. Having a higher proportion of excused absences to total absences exhibits a positive relationship between reading and math test scores. Conversely, students with a higher proportion of unexcused absences places them at academic risk, particularly in math achievement and as early as in elementary school. Implications for policy are discussed.
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Key advantages of the excused-unexcused approach include administrative practicality and simplicity, linkage to district and state policies regarding excessive absenteeism, historical connection to truancy, and utility in examining ratios of excused to unexcused absences.
“Key advantages of this approach include its administrative practicality and simplicity, linkage to district and state policies regarding excessive absenteeism, historical connection (unexcused absences) to truancy, and utility in examining ratios of excused to unexcused absences”
From Reconciling Contemporary Approaches to School Attendance and School Absenteeism: Toward Promotion and Nimble Response, Global Policy Review and Implementation, and Future Adaptability (Part 1) (2019) · cites this paper as Gottfried, 2009
Gottfried (2009) found that excused and unexcused absences were both significantly related to various demographic, academic, and behavioral variables.
“For example, Gottfried (2009) found that excused and unexcused absences were both significantly related to various demographic, academic, and behavioral variables.”
From Reconciling Contemporary Approaches to School Attendance and School Absenteeism: Toward Promotion and Nimble Response, Global Policy Review and Implementation, and Future Adaptability (Part 1) (2019) · cites this paper as Gottfried, 2009
The timing result is relatively novel because earlier studies typically relied on administrative records lacking within-year absence dates (Gershenson et al., 2017; Gottfried, 2009).
“This is a fairly novel result in the literature on student absences, as previous research has generally used administrative data that do not specify when during the year absences occurred (Gershenson et al., 2017;Gottfried, 2009).”
From The short- and long-run impacts of secondary school absences (2021) · cites this paper as Gottfried, 2009
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Gottfried, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gottfried, Michael A.
- Venue
- Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 392-415
- ISSN
- 0162-3737 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-1062
- OpenAlex
- W2067044158
- Cited by
- 315
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 29.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Youth Substance Use and School Attendance
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Outcomes and Influences
- Keywords
- school absenteeism, excused absences, unexcused absences, school attendance, academic performance, elementary school students, standardized test scores, reading achievement, mathematics achievement, academic risk, School District of Philadelphia
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