Proactive Coaching in General Surgery Internship: Incorporating Well-being Practices into Resident Professional Life
Abstract
Objective Coaching can provide learners with space to reflect on their performance while ensuring well-being and encouraging professional achievement and personal satisfaction outside of traditional mentorship and teaching models. We hypothesized that a proactive coaching program for general surgery interns coupled with individualized learning plans would help build foundational skills necessary for residency success and facilitate the incorporation of well-being practices into resident professional life. Here, we present the development, implementation, and outcomes of a novel well-being coaching program for surgical interns.Design and setting A well-being coaching program was developed and implemented from July 2020 through June 2021 at a single university-based surgical residency program. To assess impact of the coaching program, we designed a mixed-methods study incorporating end-of-program survey results as well as participant narratives from commitment-to-act statements for thematic content.Participants All 32 general surgery interns participated in aspects of the coaching program.Results The end-of-program survey was completed by 19/32 (59%) interns and commitment-to-act statements were completed by 22/32 (69%). The majority (89%) of survey respondents "agreed" or "strongly agreed" that the longitudinal intern coaching program helped them reach goals they had set for themselves this academic year; 15/19 (79%) noted that the coaching experience was effective in promoting well-being practices in their life. Well-being and professional goals were identified as major themes in the end-of-the-year commitment-to-act statements. Statements specifically mentioned resources highlighted and skills taught in our coaching program such as mindfulness techniques, gratitude journals, and self-compassion strategies.Conclusions Our study illustrates the effectiveness of a coaching pilot program on promoting well-being practices in a university-based general surgery internship and can be a roadmap with proven efficacy and measurable outcomes.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Self-selection/voluntary participation is a factor in coach selection.
“| Coach selection | Self-selected/voluntary | [93,96,147] | |”
From Coaching in undergraduate and graduate medical education: a scoping review of success factors, barriers, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as [96]
Coaches receive no compensation.
“| Coach compensation | No compensation | [40,42,96] | |”
From Coaching in undergraduate and graduate medical education: a scoping review of success factors, barriers, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as [96]
The coaching model is institution-specific.
“| Coaching process related | Coaching model | Institution Specific | [29,96] |”
From Coaching in undergraduate and graduate medical education: a scoping review of success factors, barriers, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as [96]
Resident/fellow dedicated time for coaching is a resident/fellow success factor.
“| Resident/fellow | Resident/fellow dedicated time for coaching | [72,96,126] | |”
From Coaching in undergraduate and graduate medical education: a scoping review of success factors, barriers, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as [96]
Cites
1 retracted
Dyrbye, L. N., Burke, S. E., Hardeman, R. R., Herrin, J., Wittlin, N. M., Yeazel, M., Dovidio, J. F., Cunningham, B., White, R. O., Phelan, S. M., et al. (2018) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2018.12615 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
RetractedHarris, P. A., Taylor, R., Thielke, R., Payne, J., Gonzalez, N., & Conde, J. G. (2009) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010 · Cited by 51,384 · see citing works
The measurement of experienced burnout
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030020205 · Cited by 14,496 · see citing works
Mindset: The New Psychology of Success
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-2397 · Cited by 7,804 · see citing works
Grit: perseverance and passion for long-term goals
Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087 · Cited by 6,911 · see citing works
The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion
NEFF, K. D. (2003) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860309027 · Cited by 6,436 · see citing works
Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-7217 · Cited by 5,543 · see citing works
Interventions to prevent and reduce physician burnout: a systematic review and meta-analysis
West, C. P., Dyrbye, L. N., Erwin, P. J., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31279-x · Cited by 2,362 · see citing works
Burnout and self-reported patient care in an internal medicine residency program
Shanafelt, T. D., Bradley, K. A., Wipf, J. E., & Back, A. L. (2002) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-5-200203050-00008 · Cited by 2,165 · see citing works
Dyrbye, L. N., West, C. P., Satele, D., Boone, S., Tan, L., Sloan, J., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2014) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000000134 · Cited by 2,040 · see citing works
Physician wellness: a missing quality indicator
Wallace, J. E., Lemaire, J. B., & Ghali, W. A. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61424-0 · Cited by 1,608 · see citing works
A narrative review on burnout experienced by medical students and residents
Dyrbye, L., & Shanafelt, T. (2016) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.12927 · Cited by 1,134 · see citing works
Association of resident fatigue and distress with perceived medical errors
West, C. P. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1389 · Cited by 999 · see citing works
Quality of Life, Burnout, Educational Debt, and Medical Knowledge Among Internal Medicine Residents
West, C. P., Shanafelt, T. D., & Kolars, J. C. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1247 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
Rohland, B. M., Kruse, G. R., & Rohrer, J. E. (2004) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1002 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Dahlin, M. E., & Runeson, B. (2007) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/1472-6920-7-6 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Burnout and Stress Among US Surgery Residents: Psychological Distress and Resilience
Lebares, C. C., Guvva, E. V., Ascher, N. L., O’Sullivan, P., Harris, H. W., & Epel, E. S. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2017.10.010 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Sargeant, J., Lockyer, J., Mann, K., Holmboe, E., Silver, I., Armson, H., Driessen, E., MacLeod, T., Yen, W., Ross, K., et al. (2015) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000000809 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Suicidal Thoughts Among Medical Residents with Burnout
van der Heijden, F., Dillingh, G. S., Bakker, A. B., & Prins, J. (2008) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811110802325349 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Coaching: a new model for academic and career achievement
Deiorio, N. M., Carney, P. A., Kahl, L. E., Bonura, E. M., & Juve, A. M. (2016) · Medical Education Online · doi:10.3402/meo.v21.33480 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Aziz, H., James, T., Remulla, D., Sher, L., Genyk, Y., Sullivan, M. E., & Sheikh, M. R. (2021) · Journal of Surgical Education · doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.07.037 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Physician Well-being 2.0: Where Are We and Where Are We Going?
Shanafelt, T. D. (2021) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.06.005 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
An Exploratory Study of Resident Burnout and Wellness
Eckleberry-Hunt, J., Lick, D., Boura, J., Hunt, R., Balasubramaniam, M., Mulhem, E., & Fisher, C. (2009) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e3181938a45 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Utility of a Brief Screening Tool to Identify Physicians in Distress
Dyrbye, L. N., Satele, D., Sloan, J. A., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2012) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2252-9 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Fainstad, T., Mann, A., Suresh, K., Shah, P., Dieujuste, N., Thurmon, K., & Jones, C. D. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.10752 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationCommitment to change statements can predict actual change in practice.
Wakefield, J., Herbert, C. P., Maclure, M., Dormuth, C., Wright, J. M., Legare, J., Brett-MacLean, P., & Premi, J. (2003) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1002/chp.1340230205 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Emotional Intelligence as a Predictor of Resident Well-Being
Lin, D. T., Liebert, C. A., Tran, J., Lau, J. N., & Salles, A. (2016) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.04.044 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Ability of the Physician Well-Being Index to Identify Residents in Distress
Dyrbye, L. N., Satele, D., Sloan, J. A., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2014) · Journal of Graduate Medical Education · doi:10.4300/jgme-d-13-00117.1 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Promoting Success: A Professional Development Coaching Program for Interns in Medicine
Palamara, K., Kauffman, C., Stone, V. E., Bazari, H., & Donelan, K. (2015) · Journal of Graduate Medical Education · doi:10.4300/jgme-d-14-00791.1 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Teaching, Mentorship, and Coaching in Surgical Education
Lin, J., & Reddy, R. M. (2019) · Thoracic surgery clinics/Thorac. surg. clin. · doi:10.1016/j.thorsurg.2019.03.008 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Abedini, N. C., Stack, S. W., Goodman, J. L., & Steinberg, K. P. (2017) · Journal of Graduate Medical Education · doi:10.4300/jgme-d-17-00440.1 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
A Novel Pediatric Residency Coaching Program: Outcomes After One Year
Rassbach, C. E., & Blankenburg, R. (2018) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000001825 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Insight into resident burnout, mental wellness, and coping mechanisms early in the COVID-19 pandemic
Zoorob, D. G., Shah, S., Saevig, D. L., Murphy, C., Aouthmany, S., & Brickman, K. R. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250104 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Song, Y., Swendiman, R. A., Shannon, A. B., Torres-Landa, S., Khan, F. N., Williams, N. N., Dumon, K. R., Brooks, A. D., DeMatteo, R. P., & Aarons, C. B. (2020) · Journal of Surgical Education · doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.04.014 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Evidence-Informed Facilitated Feedback: The R2C2 Feedback Model
Sargeant, J. M., Armson, H., Driessen, E. W., Holmboe, E. S., Könings, K. D., Lockyer, J., Lynn, L. A., Mann, K. V., Ross, K., Silver, I., et al. (2016) · MedEdPORTAL · doi:10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10387 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Gonzalo, J. D., Wolpaw, D. R., Krok, K. L., Pfeiffer, M. P., & McCall-Hosenfeld, J. S. (2019) · Medical Education Online · doi:10.1080/10872981.2019.1591256 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Gagnon, L.-H., & Abbasi, N. (2017) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.05.003 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 39 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Effects of Mentorship on Surgery Residents’ Burnout and Well-Being: A Scoping Review
Gaeta, E. D., Gilbert, M., Johns, A. J., Jurkovich, G. J., & Wieck, M. M. (2024) · Journal of surgical education · doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2024.08.001 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
We Need to Do Better: A Scoping Review of Wellness Programs In Surgery Residency
Anand, A., Jensen, R. M., & Korndorffer, J. R. (2023) · Journal of surgical education · doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.07.009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Jansen, E. J., Czabanowska, K., de Pagter, A. P. J., & Koeijer, R. D. (2024) · The International Journal of Health Planning and Management · doi:10.1002/hpm.3761 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Coaching in GME: Lessons Learned From 3 Unique Coaching Programs
Scheer, M., Scott, K. R., Schoppen, Z. J., Porter, B. L., Caretta‐Weyer, H. A., Hammoud, M. M., & Winkel, A. F. (2025) · Journal of Graduate Medical Education · doi:10.4300/jgme-d-24-00412.1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Effectiveness of wellness program interventions to improve physician wellness: a systematic review
Kolobaric, N., Milone, B., Salman, M., Buh, A. W., Biyani, N., Wafy, G., Fung, S. G., Scott, M., Kiska, R., Kang, R., et al. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-12934-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mand, S. K., Caretta‐Weyer, H. A., Jewell, C., Pirotte, M. J., Scott, K. R., Yarris, L. M., & Schnapp, B. H. (2025) · AEM Education and Training · doi:10.1002/aet2.70019 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mukherjee, B., Pfleeger, J., Custodio, H., Roca, M. R., Khalsa, G., & Clanton, C. (2026) · Medical Education Online · doi:10.1080/10872981.2026.2687304 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mand, S. K., Jewell, C., Loke, D. E., Acha‐Morfaw, M. S., Michels, C., & Schnapp, B. H. (2025) · AEM Education and Training · doi:10.1002/aet2.70111 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nontechnical Coaching in Academic Surgical Practice–Where Do We Stand and What's Next?
Unadkat, K. D., Thorn, P. M., Djonne, M. A., & Noland, S. S. (2025) · Journal of surgical education · doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2025.103469 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ashwood, N., Stanhope, E. N., Lahart, I. M., Dekker, A., Hind, J., & Carmichael, A. R. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.30476/jamp.2023.98395.1800
Velanovich, V., & Saad, A. R. (2025) · Global Surgical Education - Journal of the Association for Surgical Education · doi:10.1007/s44186-025-00377-3
The Pivotal Role of Coaching in Surgical Residency: A Scoping Review
Gudex, L. M., Salvato, J. S., Mauch, J. T., Sandhu, G., & Myers, P. L. (2025) · Journal of surgical education · doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2025.103636
- Authors
- Awadallah, N. S., Jones, T. S., Christian, N., Fainstad, T., Nyquist, J., Schreiber, J., Fung, C.-C., Rumack, C. M., Nehler, M., & Jaiswal, K. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Awadallah, Nida S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Surgical Education
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-02
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 177-184
- ISSN
- 1878-7452 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-7204
- OpenAlex
- W4305014616
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 2.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of surgical education (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1 TR002535)
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Coaching Methods and Impact
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Innovations in Medical Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Keywords
- coaching, well-being, general surgery residency, surgical interns, mindfulness, gratitude journaling, self-compassion, individualized learning plans, professional goals, resident well-being
- MeSH terms
- Mentoring, Clinical Competence, Curriculum, Education, Medical, Graduate, Humans, Internship and Residency, General Surgery
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review